Israel s International Affairs A Major Issue Of Social...

Despite all of the focus on Israel’s international affairs, ranging from relations with the United States, persistent conflicts with Palestine, and back and forths with Iran, Israel has a major issue of social inequality within their nation. Despite narrowing the number of Israelis in poverty and raising incomes in recent years, Inequality in Israel is still one of the highest of the Western developed countries. According to a report released by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 18.6% of Israelis live beneath the poverty line, which can be defined as those who earn less than 50% of Israel’s median national income. Meanwhile, the top 10%, much to the chagrin of politicians like Bernie Sanders, were taking in nearly 36% of the Israel’s income while the bottom 10% were pulling less than 2%. Therefore, I believe that for Israel’s economy to grow, the country must focus on addressing the rampant inequality that their citizens face. The more people that earn more, the better off the nation will be as a whole. One of the most common and popular statistics to look at when discussing inequality is the famous Gini coefficient. Despite Israel’s Gini coefficient dropping from .371 in 2007 to .360 in 2013, the country still ranks much closer to the â€Å"1† mark than most developed nations. It is important to note that Israel’s issue of income inequality does not stem simply from policies enacted by the current and former administrations, but rather a culturalShow MoreRelatedThe Palestinian And Palestinian State3134 Words   |  13 Pagesunbiased approach towards the actions/ reactions of these tense regions. Covering the everlasting issues of: yielding palestinian refugees, border regulation, global recognition Since the region is so rich with it’s cultural and religious reputation, violence has been extremely evident on both sides. 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My Ambition Of Wanting To Become A Teacher Originates From

My ambition of wanting to become a teacher originates from my own educational experience. Being brought up in Korea, the United States, and Canada, I experienced new places, cultures, and languages wherever my family moved. I am grateful for this unique upbringing, but it also brought a fair amount of struggle. Amidst the overwhelming feeling of trying to absorb the new environments and trying to make friends however, my teacher at each of the schools were the constants in my life. They made me feel safe in their classroom, they were supporting and encouraging of my efforts to learn a new language and culture, and they accepted me as who I was. As I started to ponder my own future career, I thought to myself that this is something I want†¦show more content†¦I taught a science unit on strong and stable structure. Students participated in a class brainstorm of the topic (mind map). Then, they individually selected the factor that most interested them and designed and conducte d an investigation to examine their chosen factor. Mini lessons are provided on experimental design along with investigation recording reports that support learners according to their needs and interests. For my fourth practicum experience, I was fortunate to participate in an unique alternative practicum placement, in Boston, MA. Setting up classrooms, routines, and getting to know the students were a few of the many important things that were happening in the days before and first days of school. I have participated in creating curriculum planning, read stories, lead direct instruction and sensory tables. Introduction to the Classroom/School Context I was in a grade 3 classroom with 20 students, 13 girls and 7 boys. One student had IEP and other student had learning and language difficulties. The classroom was well organized and students were extremely engaged. 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Peruvian Andean Women Free Essays

This research will focus on the Andean woman of Peru in the sixteen century. First, I will explore the role that the woman played in the Inca society. Secondly, I will reflect on the impact the Spanish invasion had on the role woman played in her kinship, in the household, in religion and in relation with productive activities and politics. We will write a custom essay sample on Peruvian Andean Women or any similar topic only for you Order Now Later on, I will discuss the contradictory perceptions of the Andean woman as a victim and as a skilful negotiator. Furthermore, I will focus on change and continuation of the roles that women played in society. The impact of the changes in the demography of Andean communities and all over the Inca empire, the labour division and degradation of the status that women played in society in contrast with the relationship between Spanish men and Indigenous women and its repercussions in the society. Peruvian Andean Woman Before the arrival of Spaniards onto Peruvian soil, Andean woman enjoyed a respected position in the Inca society and was an active collaborator and participant of the political, religious and economic life of the Inca Empire. Silverblatt (1978); presents different elements to show the parallel role of woman and man in Inca societies, like the structure of kinships, she noticed that women were entitled to inherit lands following her maternal line and men through their paternal line. She also observes that the authority in the kinship was not related to gender but to birth order. She continues focusing on the active role of women in the economy and their labor roles; specializing as weavers, brewers, traders and agronomists. A reference to a plead to Carlos V of Spain, requesting protection for indigenous women from Spaniard’s abuses, stresses the importance of women’s work as essential to household labor and complementary to men’s. Karen Viera Powers (2000) noticed the clash between Spanish and native understanding of gender relations, gender roles and sexuality. She puts special emphasis in gender parallelism and complementary roles of men and women, acknowledging that women and men performed different social, political and economic roles; but that these where perceived as equally mportant and that their contributions were valued in the same manner. Powers argues that marriage was not a form of subordination but that â€Å"the Andean ceremony clearly symbolized a union of equals through a ritual gift exchange between husband and wife and between their families that was intended to create balance and harmony between peers. † The Spanish could not understand the way in which t he Inca Empire worked, the Spanish failed to comprehend the reciprocity, parallel and complementary activities performed in the community and impacted a well organized system forever. The role of women in pregnancy, childbirth and childcare was associated with fertility and considered significant to the subsistence and survival of the community. Every year the communities in the Inca empire were inspected by the Inca officials whom had the task to chose the most beautiful virgins to become wives of the Inca. The virgins called acllas, that means chosen in Quechua, were secluded in special institutions to guard their sexuality. These women were expert weavers that produced fine cloths that were used in religious ceremonies or given as gifts to Inca’s allies. Some were taken by the Inca as second wives or married to Inca nobles or to rulers of conquered territories to seal alliances. Polygamy and exogamy for political purposes was very common among the elite members of the Inca Empire. When the Spanish arrived, the Incas tried to consolidate alliances with them through offering women in marriage. In the words of Karen Viera Powers: The Inca’s assignment of beautiful young women to be wives to his allies, not only created intra-elite and interethnic bonds through a reward system, but also produced a sophisticated, hybrid political system. The role of the women in the colonial society has been studied with prejudice towards women. Elinor Burkett (1978) condemns authors who have written with prejudice towards women and presents a different approach focusing on â€Å"indigenous society by considering tribute as a household rather than an individual obligation. † Men and women worked as a team, as did the whole family. Indeed men and women even shared some professions. Karen Graubart (2000) explains this by citing the chronicles of Fray Bernabe Cobo: The Indian women spin not only at home, but when they go outside, whether they are sanding in one place or walking. As long as they are not doing something else with their hands, walking does not interfere with their spinning, which is what most of them are doing when we meet them on the streets†¦. Although women are the ones who generally practice this occupation as their own, nevertheless, in some places the men consider it to be their own also. After making the thread, it is doubled and twisted; they never weave with single threads. The same women twist it in the same way as they spin it, and some of the men will generally help in this, especially the old men who are not able to do other work. Karen Graubert (2000) argues that the chronicles are bias identifying the work performed by Andean women as proper: when they weave, make chicha (corn beer), cook and undertake other type of agricultural work. When the Andean men produced textiles they were considered as artisans. While both, men and women were producing a garment to be paid as tribute for the state and religion, these activities were identified and constructed as distinct. Graubert observed a more detailed description of the works performed by women in the writings of Pedro Cieza de Leon, when he says: These women are hard workers: because they are the ones who break the ground, and sow the fields, and reap the harvests. And many of their husbands are in the house weaving and spinning and repairing their weapons and clothing, and†¦ doing other female activities. The Spanish had an ethnocentric view of how society, gender relations and religion were supposed to be. They imposed their political models onto Andean societies and destroyed the organization of the Inca society. Women were removed from their former positions of authority, and the society was transformed into a male-centric society where women had to depend on men for formal representation. Under Spanish rule, the Inca noblewomen were not allowed to attend to new schools, only indigenous men were allowed into the educative system set up by friars to educate the native elite. The Inca Queens of the Andes lost her status. Her role as the axis of the female political system was eliminated. The Spanish faith excluded women of all participation in religious practices and women were forbidden to perform former roles of midwife, healer and confessor. Although, despite all the efforts of the Spanish to convert Indians and introduced them to Christianity, Indians found ways to hold onto their beliefs and to continue their ancestral practices. According to Irene Silverblatt (1978): Among the archival material there is a legal suit which documents a cult to â€Å"Woman Moon,† a goddess venerated by women from several neighbouring communities. This feminine cult crossed community boundaries, articulating women from different kin groups in an organization centred around the worship of the moon. The Spanish, influenced by 800 years of war with the Moors, viewed the world under patriarchal eyes and condemned these practices. The transformation of the Inca society took place through Catholic syncretism; Andeans understood the new religion through their religious believes, associating the image of Mary and female saints with the moon and mother earth. Spanish priests did not rest emphasising the importance of virginity and introduced legal codes that defined extramarital sex as criminal (Powers, 2000). The new Spanish system to forced labor, created changes in the role of women but also impacted the demography of the communities all over the Inca Empire. An example of this is found in the work of Bianca Premo; she observed an imbalanced population in the Chucuito census, imbalance that she attributes to a â€Å"combination of deception and real absence† of men: Almost 45 percent of adult women were said to be unmarried†¦ The total number of unmarried adults in the province seems higher than might be expected in communities where land rights were linked to marriage and where marriage amounted adulthood. The way in which the Spanish used, abused and transformed the organisation of the tributary Inca system and its networks and lines of kinship have resulted in impoverishment and isolation of Andean regions. While in the Inca tributary system, the government taxed only men and women who were married, during the Spanish rule the taxes were imposed on men, women and widows. While the Andean male population was being depleted in the mines and through infections and diseases, the Spanish populations grew due to immigration and higher birth rates (Powers, 2000). In 1618, legislation was enacted requiring women to stay in the villages, even if their husbands were absent or had disappeared. As Premo (2000) observed, the labor in mines, especially in the case of Potosi, left the community of Chicuito and other nearby communities without the support of men; single women and widows were paying tribute by weaving textiles, with the aid of young children. Premo cited a local leader reporting: The whole community is working for the benefit of the tribute and it is impossible to pay in silver more than we already are neither women nor the old nor the children can contribute more. In a community called Juli, Jesuits priests were accused to have had women locked up, sewing day and night. Another example of exploitation of the women labor is found in a reference to a letter dated on 1672, where Viceroy Conde de Lemos is quoted: In these already dissipated provinces, the judges from Potosi take these Indians, leaving the land uncultivated and the women and children without anything to eat. In contrast to views that the women were exploited and abused by the Spanish, we also have the accounts of Elinor Burkett; she recompiled information about Andean women working in household as domestics, inheriting from Spanish people, sewing and engaged in small trading; while men were isolated in mining work, construction and agriculture. According to Burkett, the proximity of Andean women to Spanish men, Spanish women and Spanish families put her in a privilege position than the Andean men; she learnt the language, customs and ways of the Spanish. Burkett (1978), examining records of Potosi, finds Indian women selling pastry, candy, silver items, groceries, bread, preparing food and selling other goods and concludes that the Andean women is depicted as a strong, wilful woman, either Indian or mestiza, aggressive economically and socially. Conclusions After a thorough research of the role of the Peruvian women in the sixteen century, I have observed the great challenges that Peruvian women had encountered during that period, from having a religion an identity related to beauty, reproduction and in some cases chosen as priests, they were not only forced into a new belief system but also forbidden to practice their religious rituals. Their Inca queens also lost any trace of royalty and became mistresses. Their man, partner and parallel was taken by the new government and forced to labor. From being an integral part of the kin, women became workers, in many cases they were enslaved, chained, raped and treated like the last rung in the ladder of society. Nevertheless, the Peruvian women, went to the mines looking for their partners, to the point that Spain had to edict legislation to stop them. The Andean women, adjusted to the changes, she wove when she had to weave, but she also looked for other opportunities, migrated, sold cloths, became a trader, worked in Spanish household and also learnt the language. Nowadays, Peruvian indigenous women have just as much a central role within a household as 500 years ago; they are often the primary caregivers of family and kinship and continue to play a vital role in the Peruvian society. How to cite Peruvian Andean Women, Papers

South Africa’s Economic Environment

Questions: 1.Africas most developed, but stuttering economy faces the danger of ratings cuts from agencies worried that Pretoria might not stay on a thrifty fiscal path, after President Jacob Zuma inexplicably shuffled finance ministers twice four days in December? 2.Moving forward, structural reforms are imperative to reduce policy uncertainty, boost confidence, tackle structural impediments, and lower vulnerabilities, the global lender said? 3.Explain what appropriate steps the South Africa government and reserve bank might have taken? 4.Discuss the effect of South Africas challenging economic environment as outlined in the article, on unemployment. Make special reference to the effect of appropriate steps to counter rising government debt and inflation? 5.Discuss the Market structure of the grocery market in South Africa as outlined in the article. Make reference to characteristics of market structures? 6.With reference to the kinked demand curve do you a price war is a good strategic move for the four main food retailers in the current South African grocery market? Discuss the effect of a price war on consumers and smaller rival grocery retailers? 7.A single national grocery retailer operating in a Shopping Centre may be in position to charge higher prices due to the lack of competition. Discuss , with the aid of a fully labeled diagram how the exclusivity clauses in the lease agreements allow for monopoly prices and therefor economic profit for food retailers operating in malls? 8.Explain, using examples, how the four main retailers can use concepts of price elasticity of demand cross elasticity of demand and income elasticity of demand for revenue maximization and demand planning? Answers: South Africas Tough Economic Environment 1. For some time now, the South African economy has been stuttering. Mainly, this was brought about by President Jacob Zumas unprecedented reshuffling of the countrys finance ministers twice in four days in at the end of last year. As a result, the economy faced the danger of rating cuts from organizations that were worried about Pretorias fiscal stability (SA Faces Tough, 2016). In addition to this, one can attribute the economys stuttering to the fact that the government goals, although honorable and justifiable are accompanied with large amounts of wastage, cronyism and policy experimentation. Furthermore, the international community has lost confidence in the Zuma administration. For this reason, there is great fear that the government might instigate unfavorable fiscal policies that may affect the business environment in the country (Mapenzauswa, 2016). Besides, South Africa is a divided nation. Specifically, the ruling party, African National Congress has adopted populist policies in the economy to gain mass support (Tshabalala, 2015). All these factors combined have led to the stuttering of the economy, exposing it to the risk of rating cuts from institutions who are concerned that the economy might dwindle. 2. The Zuma administration set a nine-point plan to initiate structural reforms and promote business and investments in the country. Firstly, the plan sought to resolve the energy challenge in the nation (Pressly, 2015). Secondly, it highlights the need to revitalize and increase the agriculture value chain. This way, the economy can reap gains more from the agricultural sector. Thirdly, the strategy focuses on advancing beneficiation and addition of value to the countrys mineral resources. In turn, these structural reforms in the energy, agricultural, and mining would bring about intense economic growth in the country. The fourth agenda pertains to the governments plan to ensure efficient execution of a higher impact Industrial Action Policy (IPAP). Through this reform, the government can raise the impact of its interventions to support industrial development and re-industrialize the economy (South African Government, 2015). Likewise, the fifth plan aims at encouraging private sector investments in South Africa. To this effect, the Zuma administration set up an investment clearinghouse in the Department of Trade and Industry to support international and local investments and reduce regulatory inefficiencies. Consequently, this would enhance investments and business in the nation. The sixth agenda sought to moderate workplace conflict. On the other hand, the primary goal of the seventh agenda is to unlock the potential of rural enterprises, cooperatives, townships and SMMEs (Pressly, 2015). Subsequently, this is expected to pilot the informal sector and increase business activities in the aggregate economy. Correspondingly, the eighth point focuses on advancing the role of state-owned enterprises, information and communication technology infrastructure and sanitation, water, and transport infrastructure. Lastly, the ninth plan is the Operation Phakisa whose primary goal is to grow the ocean economy (South African Government, 2015). Indeed, the implementation and complete execution of these structural reforms would bring about an increase in investments and business activity in South Africa. 3. In order to counter the rising inflation and government debt, the SA government together with the SA Reserve Bank instigated appropriate steps in the economy. To begin with, the two set the public finances under control despite the adverse political development at the time. In addition, the Zuma administration continued to demonstrate a commitment to translate the nine-point development plan into action, thus ensuring that the economy remained an investment hub (Reuters, 2016). Further, the government made excellent progress on countering rising debts. Particularly, the 2016/2017 budget and the fiscal plan is expected to create stability in the economy and reduce the overall debt metric (Khuzwayo, 2016). Moreover, the Reserve Bank works towards a less severe tightening of monetary policy in the country. In turn, this supports economic growth. 4. Characteristically, South Africas challenging economic environment has had an adverse impact on the level of unemployment in the nation. However, the steps undertaken by the government has reduced the level of unemployment. Precisely, the implementation of these strategies has brought about an increase in opportunities in various sectors of the economy. Specifically, opportunities have been created in the agricultural, marine, manufacturing and transport and communication sector. In turn, this has led to the improvement of the citizens standards of living. In addition, the subsequent drop in government debt will allow the economy to invest locally and create more employment opportunities for its residents. South Africas Grocery Market 5. Profoundly, the grocery market in South Africa is oligopolistic. Mainly, is based on the fact that few large retailers dominate the market. These firms include PicknPay, Woolworths, Spar, and Shoprite. Cumulatively, these four enterprises have a market share of 90 percent (SA Aims, 2016). For this reason, they have a tremendous market power and dominate the industry. In addition, these firms collude to create barriers that prevent the entry of rival firms. Currently, these firms have signed leasing agreements that restrict malls from renting out space to rival retailers. In turn, this has made it difficult for other retailers to join the grocery industry in the country. Moreover, their large market share allows them to influence market prices. Thus, they can charge higher prices without necessarily losing their market share. Besides, the lack of direct competition has increased their power to raise prices beyond the rate that would prevail in a competitive market. 6. With reference to the kinked demand curve, a price war is not a good strategic move for the four large retailers in the South African grocery market. According to this model, sellers follow a price cut policy and ignore a price rise strategy by the rival company. Thus, by engaging in a price war, firms will continuously reduce their prices in response to a competitors price decrease strategy. The more aggressive the price war is, the more the companies will offer price discounts. Notably, the introduction of price cuts will significantly reduce revenues and profits. In the long run, this may result in losses for the retailers. In extreme cases, losses may result in the closing down of a companys operations. For this reason, it is irrational for oligopolies to engage in price wars. Instead, it is advisable that they engage in non-price wars such as warranties, gifts, and advertising. 7. A single national grocery retailer operating in a shopping center may be in a position to charge higher prices due to lack of competition. Particularly, this occurs because the company dominates the market. Specifically, the retailer possesses a great market power that allows it to influence the prices of its goods and services. At this point, the firm operates as a monopoly due to lack of competition which is facilitated by the exclusivity clauses in lease arrangements. Consequently, this results in higher economic profits for the food retailers operating in malls while reducing the economic welfare of its customers. Source: (Khan, n.d.). 8. Notably, the four retailers can adopt the concept of cross elasticity of demand price elasticity of demand, and income elasticity of demand to plan for demand and achieve maximum revenues. Usually, different products have different types of price elasticity of demand. Therefore, for those products that have a high PED, the retailer should refrain from increasing their prices as it would significantly reduce their demand and decrease sales. In contrast, the retailer may increase the prices of products with low PED such as milk and kales. Normally, a significant increase in the price of these products leads to only a slight drop in its demand. Therefore, the store may reap more profits from increasing their prices. In the same way, the four retailers may implement the concept of cross elasticity of demand to improve their sales. Basically, the model elucidates the sensitivity of demand for one commodity following a variation in the price of another product (Moffatt, 2017). Thus, using this concept, firms can influence the pricing of goods depending on whether they are supplementary or complementary. Generally, retailers should refrain from increasing the price of commodities that have substitutes since it will lead to a reduction in their demand (Khan, n.d.). For example, if it increases the prices of fresh tomatoes, consumers may shift to tomato paste. On the other hand, it may increase the price of products that do not have substitutes such as onions, without reducing their demand, thereby safeguarding their sales and revenue. Furthermore, these retailers may use the theory of income elasticity of demand (YED) to improve its sales. Basically, YED pertains to the sensitivity of demand for a product to variation in the income of customers. Thus, they should increase the price of normal goods when the income of the consumer increases. This way, an increase in the buyers income will lead to a higher demand for these products. However, for inferior goods, an rise in the consumers earnings will result in a decline in their demand. For example, they should increase the price of fish and beef following an increase in buyers income since their demand rises with increases in consumers income. This way, they can enhance their revenue and profits. References Khan, S. Cross elasticity of demand. Khan Academy. Retrieved from https://www.khanacademy.org/economics-finance-domain/microeconomics/elasticity-tutorial/price-elasticity-tutorial/v/cross-elasticity-of-demand. Khan, S. Monopolist optimizing price: Dead weight loss. Khan Academy. Retrieved from https://www.khanacademy.org/economics-finance-domain/microeconomics/perfect-competition-topic/monopolies-tutorial/v/monopolist-optimizing-price-part-3-dead-weight-loss-avi. Khuzwayo, W. (2016). IMF and Moodys see SA recovery. Business Report. Retrieved from https://www.iol.co.za/business-report/markets/imf-and-moodys-see-sa-recovery-2019014. Mapenzauswa, S. (2016). South Africa Faces Tough Economic Environment. The Africa Report. Retrieved from https://www.theafricareport.com/Southern-Africa/south-africa-faces-tough-economic-environment.html. Moffatt, M. (2017). Cross-Price Elasticity of Demand. ThoughtCo.com. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/cross-price-elasticity-of-demand-overview-1146251. Nine-Point Plan. (2015). South African Government. Retrieved from https://www.gov.za/issues/nine-point-plan. Pressly, D. (2015). Zuma's 9-point plan to boost economy. Fin 24. Retrieved from https://www.fin24.com/Economy/Zumas-9-point-plan-to-boost-economy-20150212. Reuters. (2015). South Africa faces tough economic environment: IMF. CNBC Africa. Retrieved from https://www.cnbcafrica.com/news/southern-africa/2016/05/06/south-africa-faces-tough-economic-environment/. SA aims to finish inquiry into grocery market in 2017. (2016). Fin 24. Retrieved from https://www.fin24.com/Companies/Retail/sa-aims-to-finish-inquiry-into-grocery-market-in-2017-20160517. SA faces tough economic environment - IMF. (2016). Fin 24. Retrieved from https://www.fin24.com/Economy/sa-faces-tough-economic-environment-imf-20160506. Tshabalala, S. (2015). South Africas economy is in troublethese five sectors could help stabilize it. Quartz Africa. Retrieved from https://qz.com/492352/south-africas-economy-is-facing-headwinds-but-these-five-sectors-could-help-stabilze-it/.

Thomas Jefferson On Slavery Essays - Thomas Jefferson,

Thomas Jefferson on Slavery We Hold these truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness(Jefferson). These words are arguably the most recognized words ever written in American history and are the backbone of our countries right to freedom. Thomas Jefferson, the author of The Declaration of Independence, is one of the few historical American leaders that need no introduction. Jefferson was born on April 13th, 1743 in Albemarle county, Virginia. Jefferson was a man of many talents that included, but not limited to, law, politics, writing, architecture, and planting. The three achievements that Jefferson wanted to be remembered for, which were inscribed on his tombstone, are, the primary author of the Declaration of Independence, the introduction of the Virginia bill of religious liberty, and the founding of the University of Virginia. Jefferson not only founded the University of Virginia but He conceived it, planned it, designed it, and supervised both its construction and the hiring of the faculty(Borden). Jefferson is considered one the greatest pioneers of America, but one issue that troubled him throughout his lifetime was slavery and his ownership of more than two hundred slaves. The question that puzzles most Americans is, how could the man who wrote, All men are created equal own slaves? This question has been asked over and over throughout the history of our great nation. This is the thing that contemporary Americans find most vexing about him. In order to answer this question we first must explore the society and times that Jefferson grew up in and considered being the standard. In 18th century Virginia, slavery was the fabric of society. Slavery was the backbone of Virginias economy and was common with plantation owners of this time. Although slavery was the norm in Jeffersons lifetime, this cannot be used to justify his ownership of slaves. Jefferson spoke out tirelessly throughout his life against the institution of slavery, slave trading, and for the right of black people to be free. Most people in todays society would probably argue that he was a hypocrite for owning slaves and at the same time, denouncing slavery. We must place ourselves in Jeffersons times and not judge on todays standards. Do not mistake me. I am not advocating slavery. I am justifying the wrongs we have committed on foreign peopleOn the contrary, there is nothing I would not sacrifice to a practicable plan of abolishing every vestige of this moral and political depravity (Jefferson). The question on his ownership of slaves should be stated in more historical terms: How did a man who was born into a slave holding society, whose family and friends owned slaves, who inherited a plantation that was dependant on slave labor, decide at an early age that the institution of slavery was morally wrong and declare that it should be abolished? When we examine this question in a more historical context, it could be argued that Jefferson went against his society and his own self-interest to denounce slavery and urge its abolition. When the question of his ownership is explained this way, another question usually follows: If Jefferson knew holding slaves was wrong, why did he continue to enslave them. He did not release any of his slaves while he was living, although he gave five of them their freedom in his will. Jeffersons decision to continue ownership of slaves is probably one that cannot be answered in our lifetime. One might argue that he needed the labor to keep up his plantation, others might say that the slaves did not want to leave because they were treated so well. Yet another view that might be taken, was Jeffersons idea of emancipation. Jefferson did not believe that if slaves were given their freedom and introduced into the community, that they would be able to assimilate themselves into eighteenth-century Virginia. The cession of that kind of property, for so it is misnamed, is a bagatelle which would not lost me a second thought, if in that way a general emancipation and expatriation could be effected; and gradually, and with due sacrifices, I think it might be(Jefferson). The answer to

Battle of Poltava in the Great Northern War

Battle of Poltava in the Great Northern War Battle of Poltava - Conflict: The Battle of Poltava was fought during the Great Northern War. Battle of Poltava - Date: Charles XII was defeated on July 8, 1709 (New Style). Armies Commanders: Sweden King Charles XIIField Marshal Carl Gustav Rehnskià ¶ldGeneral Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt24,000 men, 4 guns Russia Peter the Great42,500 men, 102 guns Battle of Poltava - Background: In 1708, King Charles XII of Sweden invaded Russia with the goal of bringing the Great Northern War to an end. Turned away at Smolensk, he moved into the Ukraine for the winter. As his troops endured the frigid weather, Charles sought allies for his cause. While he had previously received a commitment from Ivan Mazepas Hetman Cossacks, the only additional forces who were willing to join him were the Zaporozhian Cossacks of Otaman Kost Hordiienko. Charles position was further weakened by the need to leave an army corps in Poland to aid King Stanislaus I Leszczyà ±ski. As the campaigning season approached, Charles generals advised him to fall back to Volhynia as the Russians were beginning to surround their position. Unwilling to retreat, Charles planned an ambitious campaign to capture Moscow by crossing the Vorskla River and moving via Kharkov and Kursk. Advancing with 24,000 men, but only 4 guns, Charles first invested the city of Poltava along the banks of the Vorskla. Defended by 6,900 Russian and Ukrainian troops, Poltava held out against Charles attack, while waiting for Tsar Peter the Great to arrive with reinforcements. Battle of Poltava - Peters Plan: Marching south with 42,500 men and 102 guns, Peter sought to relieve the city and inflict a damaging blow on Charles. Over the previous few years Peter had rebuilt his army along modern European lines after suffered multiple defeats at the hands of the Swedes. Arriving near Poltava, his army went into camp and erected defenses against a possible Swedish attack. Across the lines, field command of the Swedish army had devolved to Field Marshal Carl Gustav Rehnskià ¶ld and General Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt after Charles had been wounded in the foot on June 17. Battle of Poltava - The Swedes Attack: On July 7, Charles was informed that 40,000 Kalmyks were marching to reinforce Peter. Rather than retreat, and despite being outnumbered, the king elected to strike at the Russian camp the next morning. Around 5:00 AM on July 8, the Swedish infantry advanced towards the Russian camp. Its attack was met by the Russian cavalry which forced them to retreat. As the infantry withdrew, the Swedish cavalry counterattacked, driving back the Russians. Their advance was halted by heavy fire and they fell back. Rehnskià ¶ld again sent the infantry forward and they succeeded in taking two Russian redoubts. Battle of Poltava - The Tide Turns: Despite this foothold, the Swedes were not able to hold them. As they attempted to bypass the Russian defenses, Prince Aleksandr Menshikovs forces nearly encircled them and inflicted massive casualties. Fleeing back, the Swedes took refuge in the Budyshcha Forest where Charles rallied them. Around 9:00 AM, both sides advanced into the open. Charging forward, the Swedish ranks were pounded by the Russian guns. Striking the Russian lines, they nearly broke through. As the Swedes battled, the Russian right swung around to flank them. Under extreme pressure, the Swedish infantry broke and began fleeing the field. The cavalry advanced to cover their withdrawal, but was met with heavy fire. From his stretcher at the rear, Charles ordered the army to begin retreating. Battle of Poltava - Aftermath: The Battle of Poltava was a disaster for Sweden and a turning point in the Great Northern War. Swedish casualties numbered 6,900 dead and wounded, as well as 2,800 taken prisoner. Among those captured was Field Marshal Rehnskià ¶ld. Russian losses were 1,350 killed and 3,300 wounded. Retreating from the field, the Swedes moved along the Vorskla towards its confluence with the Dnieper. Lacking enought boats to cross the river, Charles and Ivan Mazepa crossed with a bodyguard of 1,000-3,000 men. Riding west, Charles found sanctuary with the Ottomans in Bendery, Moldavia. He remained in exile for five years before returning to Sweden. Along the Dnieper, Lewenhaupt was elected to surrender the remnants of the Swedish army (12,000 men) to Menshikov on July 11.

Marketing Questions Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Questions - Case Study Example The organization must ensure that is operates as efficiently as possible, so that shareholders benefit and so that it can continue to contribute a large percentage of profits to RED. Maintaining a strong position in the market helps ensure shareholders will profit and helps ensure that it can contribute greatly to the RED program. The ethical component of corporate social responsibility involves GAP behaving in a manner that is socially acceptable. The organization must also respect the social norms of those in which in interacts. This involves recognizing moral norms of the target segments it serves. It must also respect the norms of the families and individuals in Africa for which the program is aimed, without judgment about how AIDS is contracted or why it is so prevalent. The philanthropic component focuses on improving the quality of life, through support of education, the arts or through community projects that enhance a community’s quality of life. Contributing profits to improve the health of families in Ghana and other regions in Africa leads to stronger and more productive communities and families. Cause-marketing events increase the organization’s exposure, through various forms of media. ... Consumers today are increasingly becoming interested in what organizations are doing for the environment. A partnership with Product RED does improve GAP’s image, as young adults and teens today are more concerned with philanthropic activity and giving back, than older generations. As the largest market segment or the segment most interested in GAP products, it is important to appeal to this segment on many levels, not just with trendy products. Some of the RED products, such as the LOVE t-shirt, appear more trendy, because they offer a message and contribute to a worthy cause. The types of technology that have contributed to media coverage of the Product RED marketing campaign are the internet, social networking sites, the Apple iPod and the personal computer. The internet is used to promote RED products for Product RED partners, like GAP. The iPod and personal computer are offered in the red color, which helps promote the cause. Social networking sites allow consumers to sha re information about the cause and RED products they like. MTV MTV has had to address cultural differences in its global expansion. What U.S. viewers find humorous may not be considered funny by viewers in Japan or in South America. To overcome this, MTV has partnered with local or regional broadcast organizations, to tailor programming to the specific culture of the audience. It has reformatted those programs that are more easily adapted to various cultures, such as cartoons. In some global markets, it has combined American music styles with those of the local culture, to make viewing more appealing. MTV’s global market entry strategy is to partner with local broadcasting companies, to bring viewers shows and entertainment that are culturally

ART Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

ART - Essay Example he existing relationship between the two concepts is that both aim to achieve visual effects in a composition (Bartel 52).This paper will discuss the works of Leonardo da Vinci’s, The Last Supper 1498, Henri Matisse’s, the Red Room, early 20th century, Vincent van Gogh’s, Starry Nights late 1800s and finally Maya Lin’s Civil Rights Memorial, Atlanta 1989 in sub-sections while relating them to the elements and principles of design. When I closely take a look at the picture, the apostle’s faces are filled with curiosity and anxiety. Here, the element of intensity manifests itself as one analyzes their emotional expression. The artist highly displays comprehension of the apostle’s feelings. On the other hand I may view this element as a clue to the real emotions experienced by Leonardo, he might be challenging his emotions by masking them but in reality he manifests them in the apostles. Their figures are shifting to form three figure groups and in turn between them a space appears. The unity principle can be used to explain the close relationships forming among the apostles, whereas, the space indicates a new beginning in the Italian revolution. People will have different views and start breaking close bonds to unite with the appropriate friends. This tends to explain the principle of balance where the apostles are in search of a visual equilibrium or rather those they share common grounds with. ( Bartel 53). The air element inside the room might seem tensed but looking outside one sees a peaceful quiet environment. This in turn extinguishes some tension within the room as the air outside mixes with the air inside to create a balance. The use of shapes is also evident on this picture; Jesus Christ is at the center of the table in alignment with the rectangular walls, ceiling board and the windows depicting value and depth. His head is keenly centered vertically and horizontally. In terms of color, the left wall is fairly bright as compared to the right

Social Welfare, Democracy and Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Social Welfare, Democracy and Government - Essay Example Under the democratic system, election becomes a political obligation because it is the process where the public chooses who and how the government should be managed. It is the process wherein the voting public are given the chance to choose people that will represent them. It consolidates the voice and opinion of the populace and transforms these into what is called the political representation (Watt 2006). Ergo, political representation defines the value of the act of voting that in effect produces a political contract. It is a contract between those who govern and being governed. It ensures that the interest and welfare of the people will be the primary responsibility in managing the state’s affairs. As a political obligation, widespread participation during election also seals responsibility and accountability for those people elected in position (Bernard Manin 1999). It is through the votes casted by majority of the people that that a nation can ensure that its government will act on the best interest of the people. The accountability of the governments is in the hands of voters that can distinguish whether governments are acting in their interest and can be sanctioned accordingly. Thus, voters enable responsibility for government performance. A person’s right to vote is a powerful weapon that can sanction incumbent and can place more competent candidates. When it comes to policy-making electoral procedures, such as referendum among others, the exercise of the right to vote can make a big difference, thus it is imperative (Chandler 2001). The right to vote is also a social responsibility because this is a citizen’s direct commitment and contribution to the whole gamut of the democratic process. Broad participation during elections guarantees that candidates are being elected with confidence. The right to vote did not come naturally. Two decades ago, one has to be white, male, powerful and wealthy to be able to vote. The attainment of th e public’s right to cast their votes and their voices be heard is the product of a long history of men and women for civil and political right. For some countries, the struggle for their rights to vote was accompanied by their struggle for national sovereignty and independence. There were people who suffered persecution and even death in asserting and demanding this right. In the United Kingdom, during the 1800, only three percent of the adult population was entitled to vote – those who are rich and male. By 1832, it merely increased to five percent as certain leaseholders and householders were allowed to vote. With the Second Reform Act in 1867, it again increased to 13 percent as voting was extended in counties and boroughs. It was only in 1918 through the Representation of the People Act that all men over the age of 21 were allowed to vote. Women were also given the right to vote, but only if they are over the age of 30. Women also could sit in the House of Commons. In fairness, UK is one of the first countries that implemented the reform allowing women to participate in the election. In 1928, women were given the same voting rights as men by allowing all adults over the age of 21 to vote. In 1969, the voting age was lowered to 18 years of age.

Factors That Underpin The Hr Planning

Factors That Underpin The Hr Planning Human resource planning is a very important task for any organization. This planning plays a vital role in managing the employees of the organization. This plan helps to meet the required human resources of any organization. Actually it helps to identify what type of employees, how many employees will be required in the organization. It also provides information about the sources of required human resource need of the organization. These are some business factors that underpin human resource planning in a organization. Some important factors are explained below. Nature of business Size of the business Type of business Management policy Resource of the business Organization culture Location of the business Business environment Human Resource Requirements in given situation Human Resource (HR) is an important part for any organization. It is part and parcel for every organization. An organization cannot do anything without Human Resource. The success and failure of an organization mostly depends on the successfully implementation of the Human Resource policies and programs. The reason is that most of the organizational goal is achieved through it. If any organization is not so care about human resource department it must suffer in the long run. So before planning Human Resource (HR) requirements of any firm it must have to be given very much emphasis. Human Resource (HR) is must for every department of a firm. A firm usually has many departments. It is very much essential to manage Human Resource in every department. Without Human Resource (HR) it is probably impossible to manage day to day activities of the firm. It includes from the bottom level to the top level of the firm. Generally the bottom level HR implements the decision taken by the top level management. For example if we analyze HR requirements of a production oriented firm or manufacturing firm we will see that there needs a wide range of human resource. There must have some top level executives who formulate plan for production departments. There also have some middle level and lower level human resource who will implement the plan formulate by the top level executives. Development of HR plan for an organization: Once the analysis of the required personnel is complete, then the HR planning can begin. HR planning consists of four phases that are described below: Phase1. Formulation It is very important that the HR department of an organization should have direct relation with the rest of the department. Every organization has vision objectives. This vision statement indicates the overall image of the firms. For planning HR in an organization the first step is formulation of the policy about the HR needs of various departments. Phase2. Development It is the second phase of the HR planning in an organization in this step a SWOT analysis is conducted to identify the overall strength, weakness, opportunities and threats. This SWOT analysis provides important outlook about what action should need in future to cope with the changing environment by correctly planning the required human resource in the organization. The SWOT analysis provides answer about the following question; What about internal strengths? What about internal weaknesses? What is the opportunity? What are the external threats? The topics that are included in the SWOT Analysis might include personnel capabilities, benefit, employee services, information management systems, official facilities, and the reputation of human resources within the organization. Phase3 .Implementation It is short-term objectives which should be established In order to complete long-term strategies in the firm. Short-term objectives are the objectives that can be accomplished within six months to one year. This short term objectives should be fulfill by short term goal. On the other hand long term objectives should be fulfilling by long term goal. It should be remembered that no short term objectives is fulfill by long term goal and vice versa. Phase 4. Evaluation HR planning should be evaluated in regular basis. Human resource planning must reflect the target based on the measurable items. Once the human resource planning is done, it is essential to evaluate the success of that planning. If there is any mistake found, necessary steps should be taken in an urgent manner. There are two common ways in which we can measure the success of the plan: such as time and budget. How HRM contribute to meet objectives of organization: Human resource plan plays very vital role in meeting the organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s objectives. Actually organization does mean employees of the organization rather than organization itself. Objectives of any organization are achieved by the employees of that organization. One organization can be differentiated from other organizations by the performances of employees of respective organization. Because we can see that different organizations perform differently and make different level of profit in the same industry only for human resource. Human resource plan has other plans to meet the objectives of the organization. Human resource plan has the following plans: Personnel planning indicate the process of deciding what positions the organizations will have to fill and how to fill them. Training and development plan is developed to make the employees of the organization skilled necessary to perform better and increase the efficiency level that ultimately contributes to meeting t he objectives. Compensation plan is another vital part of human resource plan. It is very important because the performance of the employees depends on the satisfaction level and employees are the ultimate performers. Strategic compensation plan helps to the organization to hire high quality employees and retain them. Labor relation plan is also required for some certain reasons. It is required to maintain good relation with labor union to meet any unexpected situation. Sometimes labors strike and this hampers the normal business operations of the organization. Sometimes it is required to reach an agreement wage, working hours etc. Security and safety plan provides the security of the jobs of employees, which ultimately makes the employees more satisfied. Satisfied employees perform better for the organization. Personnel forecast means estimating the required number of employees on the basis of production volume or expected revenues. Variation in forecasting is very costly for the o rganization. In fact Human resource planning creates value by engaging activities that produce the employee behaviors that company needs to achieve organizational goals and objectives. So all these plans under human resource planning help the organization to meet the objectives of the organization more efficiently. Impact of organizational structure and culture on management of HR Organizational structure and also organizational culture have certainly some impact on the management of human resource of the organization. Actually human resource management is the policy and practices involved in carrying out the human resource aspects of a management position including recruiting, training, appraising and compensating employees and also it is concerned about labor relations, health, safety and fairness. In fact, the size of the human resource department reflects the size of the organization. Large organization generally have large human resource department and small organizations have small human resource department with few employees. It is generally found that there is one Hr employee for every 100 employees. So organizational structure affects the management of human resource of an organization. Organizational culture also has some impact on the management of human resource of any business organization. If human resource department works as an independent body it can produce better benefit for the organization. If independence is the culture of an organization in case of decision making, it is helpful for the human resource department to make wise decision. So we can conclude that a fair practice in the organization makes the management of human resources more effective and fruitful for the organization. Monitoring the effectiveness of HRM The failure or success of an organization largely depends on the HRM policies. The higher authority of an organization make HR plan and programs. This plan is implemented by the HR manager and the working level management. The HR manger also make plan for the human resource. It includes conducting job analysis, planning labor needs and requirements of the job candidates, selecting job candidates, orienting and training new employees, managing wages and salaries, providing incentives and benefits, appraising performances, communicating( interviewing, counseling, disciplining) , training and developing manager and building employment commitment. All these plans are prepared and implemented by the HR specialists. After implementing this plan, the HR specialists monitor to see what it impact on the organizational performances. For example the HR specialist wants to know whether they hire the right people for the right position after analyzing the performances of the employees. If the per formances are not satisfactory, HR specialist or manager arrange raining programs to teach the employees, so that they can perform better. If after all these efforts, performances are not satisfactory the HR manager can fire the employees from the organization. They also manage various incentives to the employees to get better service by satisfying them. After all the HR specialists always monitor the task performed by the employees and measure the effectiveness of the HRM policies prepared by them. Recommendations: it is clear to us that without planning and implementing a right HR policy in an organization, it is not possible to achieve the target. If the HR policy is not properly installed, the overall efforts will fail in vain. So it should be given the top most priority. We have some recommendation regarding HRM policies for any kind of organization which want to achieve success through imparting it. Some recommendations are as follows: Making clear plan on HRM Hire the right people Use right selection tools Training employees based on need Not committing unfair labor practice Increasing employees loyalty through participation Conclusion: Human resource management is very essential and effective for maintaining an organization in a prudent manner. The most success of an organization depends on the appropriate HR policy. Human resource plan plays very vital role in meeting the organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s objectives. So every organization gives more emphasis for selecting the right people for the right position. After all it is most useful for any firm to implement the HR policy in prudent manner. Both long and short term objectives should be meet through it in accordance with the required necessity.

Essay --

The World Bank is a specialized agencies of the United Nations. Their stated purpose is to reduce poverty through low-interest loans, interest-free loans at banking and economic aid to developing nations. It is consist of 185 members. This organization was created in 1944 and it is headquartered at Washington, DC, United States. The World Bank Group have five specialized multilateral agencies of the United Nations: 1. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) have 185 member countries. It was created in 1945, aims to achieve poverty reduction in developing countries and middle-income and creditworthy, providing financial advice on economic management. Certainly is the main branch of the World Bank Group, having to belong to him for membership of any of the following organizations. (Learn Economics) 2. The International Development Association (IDA) have as member to 166 countries. It was created in 1960, the members of this association made contributions that allow the World Bank (WB) provide around 6,000 and 7,000 million dollars annually in credit, with a very low interest, to those 78 countries that are considered the poorest. The international development association is very important for those countries, called "developing", who cannot get financing at market circumstance. This give money for the development of services such as education, housing, water, sanitation, and making investments and reforms to promote productivity and increasing employment. (Learn Economics) 3. According to Lear Economics, the International Finance Corporation (IFC) have as member 179 countries. it was created in 1956, this corporation is responsible to foment the economic in developing countries with the help of private sect... ...try that has the largest number of shares (together with the International Monetary Fund) and therefore has a great influence on the direction of the organization. Due to its great number of shares, is also the only country with veto rights. Generally, members of the Board of Governors are finance ministers or development of the member countries. They meet once a year at the annual Board of Governors of the World Bank Group and International Monetary Fund. (Preserves Articles) Since the Board of Governors meets once a year only, delegating specific tasks to 25 executive directors who work in the offices of the World Bank. The five largest shareholders of the World Bank are France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States, who each choose an executive director, while other member countries are represented by the remaining 19 CEOs. (The World Bank) â€Æ'

Multiplier and Accelerator Theory Essay

Multiplier and accelerator theory The Keynesians, have offered a demand side explanation of the business cycle. According to them, the fluctuations in output and employment in the country are caused by fluctuations in aggregate demand. The ups and downs in aggregate demand are caused by changes in the volume of investment. The volume of investment is directly related to the marginal efficiency of capital. The investment increases in response to higher marginal efficiency of capital and decreases with the fall in the profit expectations of the entrepreneurs. The Keynesians further put forward the theory of multiplier which shows how the increase or decrease in investment causes multiplied changes in income and employment and thus heightens a boom or deepens a depression. The Keynesians failed as they did not explain the cyclical nature of the ups and downs in business cycle. J. R. Hicks and Professor Samuelson put forward a new theory of business cycle named as Multiplier and Accelerator Theory of business cycle.†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Multiplier and Accelerator Theory†¨According to J. R. Hicks and Samuelson, the multiplier alone cannot explain the cyclical nature of the business cycle. It is the interaction between the multiplier and accelerator that explains the emergence of different phases of business cycle. The multiplier tells us that a change in the level of autonomous investment brings about a relatively greater change in the level of national income. The accelerator theory states that the current investment spending depends positively on the expected future growth of real GDP. When real GDP growth is expected to be high, firms anticipate that their investment in plants and equipment will be profitable. They, therefore, increase their total investment spending.†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨The concept of accelerator is not rival to the concept of multiplier. They are parallel concepts. The multiplier shows the effect of changes in autonomous investment to changes in income’ and employment. The accelerator shows the effect of changes in income to changes in induced investment. Professor Samuelson and J. R. Hicks model of multiplier accelerator offers quite satisfactory explanation of explaining turning points to business cycle.†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Interactive role of multiplier and accelerator.†¨The multiplier-accelerator interaction theory of business cycle is explained now in brief. Let us assume a certain amount of autonomous investment is injected into the economy. This would generate an expansion of income many  times greater than itself on account of the operation of the multiplier mechanism. The increase in income would lead to rise in demand for consumer goods. The increase in demand for consumer goods induces more investment in the capital goods industries. The increase in investment would be much more than the increase in demand for consumer goods owing to the operation of the accelerator. The interaction of the multiplier and accelerator sets in the upswing of the trade cycle.†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨The rise in income and employment does not continue for a long time. The rise in income and employment progressively slows down. The reason is that the marginal propensity to consume starts declining with the rise in income in the upward swing of the business cycle. A decrease in consumption would result into a greater decrease in investment on account of reverse working of the accelerator A decrease in investment would lead to a greater decrease in income on account of the reverse working of the multiplier In short the combination of reverse working of the accelerator and multiplier sets in downward swing in the business cycle.†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Interactive role of multiplier and accelerator†¨ †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Ala = Increase in autonomous – investment†¨Ala = Increase in autonomous investment†¨Ay = Increase in income†¨Aid = Increase in induced investment †¨v = Size of the accelerator

Free Essays on Revelation

â€Å"Revelations† by Flannery O’Conner is the story of Ruby Turpin’s journey towards the revelation depicting the reality she had not come to grips with. The main character, Mrs. Turpin, doesn’t think twice before judging people, yet, when she herself is judged she is astounded and stunned. â€Å"I haven’t done anything to you. [Girl who judged Turpin].† (396), Mrs. Turpin thinks to herself, without realizing that she too judges before the victims get a chance to prove themselves. Then, when the hired help tells her that nothing bad has happened, you just had a little fall, it almost satires the fact that Turpin thought she had taken a fall comparative to an over exaggerated plummet towards death. The comment’s suggestive language, implies that the incident was not a â€Å"bad† thing but a vital revelation. The character Turpin’s life is run solely by her own ego. In fact, her hobby is to classify others according to her standards of acceptability; placing them in her foreseen categories. Turpin clings to her good works and her social class as a insignia of her merit; separating herself as a dignified being from blacks, poor white trash, freaks, and lunatics. When the tables turn, and Mrs. Turpin becomes the subject of judgment, she is thrown from her perch of judgment, and placed in a vulnerable position. The fat girl with acne, that had been idly sitting beside Mrs. Turpin in the doctor’s waiting room, seemed to have had enough of Mrs. Turpin’s attitude. She violently threw her book at Mrs. Turpin, and then attempts to strangle the life out of her as well. Then the girl looked directly into the eyes of Mrs. Turpin and said, â€Å"Go back to hell where you came from, you old wart hog†(402). Mrs. Turpin is horrified by this comment, and can’t seem to get it off her mind. She feels as if the comment was a blow to her very being; turning her life completely upside down. When she tells her awful story to the black hire... Free Essays on Revelation Free Essays on Revelation â€Å"Revelations† by Flannery O’Conner is the story of Ruby Turpin’s journey towards the revelation depicting the reality she had not come to grips with. The main character, Mrs. Turpin, doesn’t think twice before judging people, yet, when she herself is judged she is astounded and stunned. â€Å"I haven’t done anything to you. [Girl who judged Turpin].† (396), Mrs. Turpin thinks to herself, without realizing that she too judges before the victims get a chance to prove themselves. Then, when the hired help tells her that nothing bad has happened, you just had a little fall, it almost satires the fact that Turpin thought she had taken a fall comparative to an over exaggerated plummet towards death. The comment’s suggestive language, implies that the incident was not a â€Å"bad† thing but a vital revelation. The character Turpin’s life is run solely by her own ego. In fact, her hobby is to classify others according to her standards of acceptability; placing them in her foreseen categories. Turpin clings to her good works and her social class as a insignia of her merit; separating herself as a dignified being from blacks, poor white trash, freaks, and lunatics. When the tables turn, and Mrs. Turpin becomes the subject of judgment, she is thrown from her perch of judgment, and placed in a vulnerable position. The fat girl with acne, that had been idly sitting beside Mrs. Turpin in the doctor’s waiting room, seemed to have had enough of Mrs. Turpin’s attitude. She violently threw her book at Mrs. Turpin, and then attempts to strangle the life out of her as well. Then the girl looked directly into the eyes of Mrs. Turpin and said, â€Å"Go back to hell where you came from, you old wart hog†(402). Mrs. Turpin is horrified by this comment, and can’t seem to get it off her mind. She feels as if the comment was a blow to her very being; turning her life completely upside down. When she tells her awful story to the black hire...

Boosting a persons Esteem

Boosting a persons Esteem Introduction Human beings have a self image of how they look like, their weaknesses and strong points. This image is shaped from childhood and influenced by the society and the people we live with. This self image leads to self esteem. When a person think that he is inferior t0 their peers in one way or another, leads to low self esteem (McKay Patrick 2-12). This paper discusses methods that I can use to boost my esteem as learnt in class and how the methods learnt will be retained for a long period.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Boosting a person’s Esteem specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Four things that I can do to improve my self esteem Low self esteem is a creation of the mind and thus it can be boosted. The following are some of the possible ways to boost esteem; Rebut the Inner Critic Esteem emanate from what the inner self is telling us on who we are. There are some negative perceptions that we hold of ourselves. The most important thing to do is to develop self love and liking. This is done through focusing on ones strong points, talents and strengths. When a person realizes that he is hanging around with a group that is pointing on his weaknesses, there is no danger in changing the group. Choosing the rights friends is of importance and keeping those friends who build our strengths and don’t look us down our weaknesses. Practice Self-Nurturing A person should ensure that he is at his best at any one time. Doing what one likes and putting on measures to improve how we look physically in terms of the clothes we wear, the make ups and the scent of the perfume we put on. These are small things but they give someone confidence and self liking. Get Help from Others The society and our friends have a role in how we feel about ourselves. Keeping friends who have trust in us boosts ones esteem. The friend may do this by genuine and healthy criticism which can assist a pers on to improve his ways. Wide reading of motivational books and watching such movies Reading motivational books assists a person to realize the differences that people have appreciate then and know how to utilize the strengths that he has been given. Reading of such books will lead to someone appreciating himself (Burns 2-23).Advertising Looking for term paper on communication strategies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More What I have learnt from the key Idea I have learnt the need to self appreciate myself. I have learnt that if I don’t like myself, feel good about whom I am, and then the people around me will not be able to appreciate and respect me. Esteem is a creation of the mind and thus if I can deal with negative pictures and attitude about my own life, then I can raise my self esteem. The people around me have a role in shaping my esteem. I have realized that choosing friends is crucial for my esteem. If I hang around with people who recognize and respect my strong holds, then I will develop a high self esteem. Game plan for continuing to use esteem booting idea after class The initial step in developing high self esteem is by developing a self liking. Before I come of out of the house, I will be making sure that I dress those outfits that they are fashionable and well fitting. Gradually, I will watch may friendly closely and let go those friends who look down upon me or those who do not have confidence in me. With the genuine friends, I will ask them to constantly help me improve my esteem by appreciating what I do and criticizing me healthy. Fortnightly, I will make sure that I watch a motivational movie of read a book. This spirit will be maintained for a long period of time. I will also be conducting self talks. Conclusion Having a high self esteem is important in a person’s life. Sometimes we find ourselves suffering from self esteem. To boot the esteem we are supposed t o develop a self liking, associate with the right people and read and watch motivational materials. Burns, David D. Ten Days to Self-Esteem. New York: Quill, 1999. McKay, Matthew and Patrick Fanning. Self-Esteem: A Proven Program of Cognitive Techniques for Assessing, Improving and Maintaining Your Self-Esteem. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, 2000.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Boosting a person’s Esteem specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Physiology research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Physiology - Research Paper Example The researchers selected 128 children of patients with autosomal-dominant Alzheimer’s disease as study participants, as they were at risk of carrying the mutation. The autosomal-dominant nature of the disease in these cases was determined by family pedigrees. The mutations known in these pedigrees included presenilin 1, presenilin 2, and amyloid precursor protein. The expected age of symptom onset for the participants was set as the age at which the parent was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. They studied several physiologic mechanisms occurring in these patients. First, they carried out clinical assessments of cognitive change using questionnaire-based scales, giving them a cognition score. This characterized the participants as normal cognitive function, very mild impairment, or mild impairment. Brain imaging with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was done to screen for any pre-existing brain disease. Positron emission tomography (PET) scanning was done to determine any regions of fibrillar amyloid deposition, and decreased metabolism. They also analyzed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for concentrations of tau, and beta-amyloid. They found that 50% of the asymptomatic study participants were carriers of the mutation for Alzheimer’s. The carriers had lower cognitive scores and at an earlier age, compared to non-carriers of the mutation. The carriers also developed bilateral hippocampal atrophy, seen on MRI, 15 years before expected symptom onset. Through PE scanning, they detected a selective decrease in the metabolism of the precuneus region of the brain in carriers, 10 years before expected symptom onset. Mutation carriers also had significant amyloid deposition in the precuneus region at 15 years before symptom onset, while non-carriers did not have any amyloid deposition there. Levels of CSF tau protein and plasma amyloid were elevated in the carriers 15 years before symptom onset,

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 24

Case study - Essay Example The third success is linked to how Mattel as a corporation has managed to devise 150 different dolls, which come along with the doll’s 120 new outfits. The fourth success is as a result of Barbie’s reinvention and trendiness. She changes according to the current fashion taking into consideration the hairstyles and outfits. Her reinvention comes in terms of taking up different roles in life, and the roles are further exemplified by different accessories, which go along with Barbie. The last success originates from the fact that Mattel Corporation has embedded technology in Barbie. Technology embraced in Barbie is through a play set, a computer animated video, Barbie movies, dancing princesses and a Barbie with motion-sensor bracelet and shoe clip (Goldenberg & Mazursky, 2002). Mattel as a Corporation has been innovative; Barbie is a product whose life cycle has been extended greatly ever since its creation in the year 1959. Barbie’s first introduction to the market was unique in that this doll took the form of an adult; this was different from many other existing dolls, which were babies. Over the years, innovation has taken centre stage, which has ensured that Barbie becomes a wanted product in the market. The product’s life cycle has been extended since Mattel considers Barbie as being more than a toy or a doll, actually according to Mattel; Barbie is a lifestyle and a fashion statement. The innovation has continued in terms of making Barbie take up the current fashion and different roles in life. Through the above, Barbie’s life cycle has been extended since it has been relevant to the current times. For instance, Mattel has innovated to the extent of making Barbie trendy with different hairstyles and outfits, which makes it admire d and desired. Furthermore, Mattel has innovated by making Barbie a role model through giving her different looks, which represent different professions in life, this has ultimately extended the life cycle of

Estimation of gravitational acceleration due to pendulim Assignment

Estimation of gravitational acceleration due to pendulim - Assignment Example The use of a simple pendulum experiment in the study of motion helps to provide valuable insights into the acceleration of objects due to the gravitational force. In this experiment, a mass is set to swing to determine the number of oscillations in a particular period. Such an oscillatory motion is referred to as simple harmonic motion (JHA & JHA, 2009 pg. 275). This experiment was conducted to facilitate the understanding of the relationship between various parameters in an oscillatory system. As such, the main objective of this experiment is to estimate the value of gravitational force acting on the pendulum and compare this value with the widely accepted value of 9.81m/s2, mathematically. The period is the time a simple pendulum takes to complete a single oscillation. This physical quantity does not depend on the mass and the amplitude of the swing. However, it is dependent on factors such as the pendulum’s length and the acceleration due to the gravitation. A shorter pendulum has a shorter period than a longer pendulum (Matthews 2005, p.133). In small swings (swings with small angles), the period, T, of a pendulum with a certain length, L, is given by; There exists only one true value of the period of a swinging pendulum; no matter the measurement method and how precise the instrumentation used can be applied. As such, a measurement of the period is a true value approximation and gives either the true value or a value close to the true value. From the above, acceleration due to gravitational force can be determined by making g the subject of the formula, that is, g = 4π2L / T2. The apparatus used in the experiment included the pendulum bob, string, split cork, and timer. The thread of the pendulum was placed between two halves of a split cork and clamped to a firm support. Additionally, the length of the thread was set at a

The aim of this experiment Essay Example for Free

The aim of this experiment Essay The aim of this experiment is to find out if a steaming cup of coffee stays warm longer when leaving it untouched, or pouring cold milk into it  Theory  Physics informs us that large quantities of liquid take longer to cool than smaller quantities. Since there are more molecules in a larger quantity of liquid it may take longer to heat, but once the molecules are heated they take longer to cool down than a smaller quantity of water. Therefore I expect the beaker where the milk has been added straight away to have a higher temperature Procedure  1. First of all the coffee has to be made. Pour some water in the large beaker and heat it using the Bunsen burner. Once the water is boiling sprinkle the coffee powder into the beaker and stir it until the coffee is made.  2. Now pour equal amounts of coffee into the beakers A and B, and place a thermometer in each beaker. Set the stopwatch on zero and start recording the time. Record the temperature of each beaker. 3. Pour the milk into beaker A and stir the liquids for a short amount of time.  4. Now let a member of your group walk across the laboratory and open the door. Obtain the time duration of this procedure.  5. As soon as the team member returns to the experiment site pour the same amount of cold milk into Beaker B. record the temperatures of both beakers after stirring beaker B for a short time. 6. Now repeat this experiment, but change the amount of time spent going to the door and back. Also change the amount of milk and water used. Record your results appropriately.  Smallest division for measuring liquids (water, milk) = 0.1 ?C  Error = 0.1 ? 0.5  = 0.05 ?C  Difference between Beaker A and Beaker B:  The average difference = A B = 51?C 49.50?C = 1.50?C.  Error:  0.05?C + 0.05?C = 0.1?C  Therefore difference = 1.5 ?0.1?C Evaluation As always the apparatus was set up with great care, and I ensured that the thermometers were not heated or cooled before being used. The only major error that may have occurred is the parallax error. This may have happened during the taking down of readings from the thermometers, although great care was taken to avoid this. Conclusion As the table of results shows; the beaker in which the milk was poured right after the coffee was added (beaker A), meaning it contained more liquid during the procedure of going up to the door and back, did indeed stay warmer. Beaker A was, on average, 1.50?C warmer than Beaker B. This supports my expectations and I conclude the experiment as being successful. Therefore the best option would be to pour the milk before attending to the door, especially if it would take a longer period of time to deal with the person at the door.

The Impact Of Effective Leadership

The Impact Of Effective Leadership Abstract Purpose This study helps us to determine how sales managers leadership style impacts their subordinates organizational work performance on routine tasks as well as on work unit projects. The study will further help the managers to adapt their leadership styles in order to enhance subordinates work performance, and consequently increase overall efficiency of the organization. Academically, this compilation will provide additional insights into the leadership field by contributing to the future development of this study area. Design/methodology/approach Leadership styles and work performance will be measured by a self formulated questionnaire after assessing their reliability and validity. A total of 200 respondents (middle managers with their respective subordinates) working in oil companies of Lahore, Pakistan will be surveyed in the study. Significance of the study By applying the results in practice, managers can adjust their leadership style to facilitate their subordinates to yield high work performance, whereas the human resource management function of oil companies can integrate these results for further enhancing leadership development in their organization. Originality/value This paper is the first attempt to understand the influence of transformational, transactional and laissez-faire leadership styles on work performances of subordinates in the oil industry of Pakistan. Introduction Effective leadership is a driving force for the accomplishment of organizational goals and leadership behavior is an important variable having significant impact on the success of project management (Gharehbaghi and McManus, 2003). Enshassi and Burgess (1991) studied the relationship between leadership styles of several managers and their effectiveness in the Middle East. They found a strong association between managers style and their effectiveness. The high task and high employee orientation style is the most effective style in managing multi-cultural workforces. Managers need to be friendly, accessible, and understanding of their subordinates personalities and requirements with all employees on a project. In addition, they have to be task oriented in order to have control over the process of the work and achieve the target. In the real world there are many subordinates are facing problems which impact their work performances which can be traced to the leadership practices adopted by their respective supervisors. Some of these subordinates may have insufficient competencies or their traits may not fit with the nature of their work or in many cases the supervisor also tend to use inappropriate leadership styles in dealing with their subordinates at various points of times. Superior performance that helps the organization to achieve organizational goals is the prime aim of effective leadership. To achieve superior performance from subordinates, Supervisors must make use of appropriate leadership styles. They should also recognize their subordinates individual needs and their future career goals. Leadership research in oil companies can give us insight on work performance and its impact on companies routinely project outcomes. Appropriate leadership approach can shape subordinates performance in a desirable way and facilitate managerial projects to go smoothly. In addition, adopting suitable leadership approach will create subordinate satisfaction. Satisfied subordinates are likely to put much effort into their work. This study explores the actual leadership styles of few oil companies of, Pakistan and examines the relationships between: Leadership styles on work performance The purpose is to determine What is the most appropriate leadership style for Pakistani Supervisors in this modern time? Once the right leadership style has been identified, applying the style in practice should lead to efficiency in subordinates work performance, and consequently benefit these supervisors who are ultimately responsible for the success of achieving and exceeding sale quotas and other managerial projects. The right leadership style should be able to push subordinates to complete assignments timely and correctly while at the same time, bringing out the best in them. Lastly, professional respect and commitment to the Organization is additional benefits that may accrue through effective leadership Leadership and work performance Leadership can be described in terms of the power, position, personality, authority and responsibility, mostly used as a facilitation process to achieve a goal. Therefore, the definition of leadership used in the present study is the process is defines as (act) of influencing the activities of an organized group in its efforts toward goal setting and goal achievement (Stogdill, 1950) Statement of the problem This study aims at analyzing the relationship of three Leadership Styles i.e. Laissez-faire, Transformational and Transactional leadership styles and subordinates work performance in the marketing and sales departments of various oil and gas companies operating in Pakistan. The study will take into account the effect of the 9 leadership behaviors i.e. idealized influence (attributed), idealized influence (behavioral), intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration, inspirational motivation, contingent reward, management-by-exception (active), management-by-exception (passive) and laissez-faire (no leadership) on the 7 work performance variables i.e. quality of work, quantity of work, creativity in problem solving, team work, discipline, dependable And overall job satisfaction Significance of the problem This study helps us to understand how marketing and sales managers leadership styles and affect their subordinates organizational work performance on various managerial projects.By applying the results in practice, managers can adjust their Leadership style to facilitate their subordinates to yield high work performance, whereas the human resource management function of oil companies can integrate these results for further enhancing leadership development in their organization. Objectives of the study 1) To what extent are these leadership styles present at the managerial level in these departments 2) To determine any relationship, if it exists, between a particular leadership style of sales/ marketing managers/supervisors and its subordinate perceived job performance and/or job satisfaction Scope of the Study The study aimed at answering the following research questions: Q1. Which is leadership style (laissez-faire, transactional or transformational) is present in the organization? Q2. What is the relationship between transformational leadership style and greater quality of work from the subordinate? Q3. What is the relationship between transformational leadership style and greater quantity of work from the subordinate? Q4. What is the relationship between transformational leadership style and higher creativity in problem solving of the subordinate? Q5. What is the relationship between transformational leadership style and higher level of discipline in the subordinate? Q6. What is the relationship between transformational leadership style and higher dependability in the subordinate? Q7. What is the relationship between transformational leadership style and higher teamwork in the subordinate? Q8. What is the relationship between transformational leadership style and overall satisfaction in the subordinate? Q9. What is the between transactional leadership style and greater quality of work from the subordinate? Q10. What is the relationship between transactional leadership style and greater quantity of work from the subordinate? Q11. What is the relationship between transactional leadership style and higher creativity in problem solving of the subordinate? Q12. What is the relationship transactional between leadership style and higher level of discipline in the subordinate? Q13. What is the relationship transactional between leadership style and higher dependability in the subordinate? Q14. What is the relationship between transactional leadership style and higher teamwork in the subordinate? Q15. What is the relationship between transactional leadership style and overall satisfaction in the subordinate? Q16. What is the between Laissez-faire leadership style and greater quality of work from the subordinate? Q17. What is the relationship between Laissez-faire leadership style and greater quantity of work from the subordinate? Q18. What is the relationship between Laissez-faire leadership style and higher creativity in problem solving of the subordinate? Q19. What is the relationship Laissez-faire between leadership style and higher level of discipline in the subordinate? Q20. What is the relationship Laissez-faire between leadership style and higher dependability in the subordinate? Q21. What is the relationship between Laissez-faire leadership style and higher teamwork in the subordinate? Q22. What is the relationship between Laissez-faire leadership style and overall satisfaction in the subordinate? Definition of major terms and formation of the questionnaire Effective Leadership The present study uses effective leadership approach to identify the leadership style of middle management. In this approach, leadership is conceptualized by the behavioral areas from laissez-faire style (non-leadership), through transactional leadership (which hinges on reward system and punishments), to transformational leadership (which is based on inspiration and behavioral charisma) (Bass and Avolio, 1993). The various components are now elaborated. Laissez-faire style. An avoidant leader may either not intervene in the work affairs of subordinates or may completely avoid responsibilities as a superior and is unlikely to put in effort to build a relationship with them. Laissez-faire style is associated with dissatisfaction, unproductiveness and ineffectiveness (Deluga, 1992). Transactional style. Transactional leaders focus mainly on the physical and the security needs of subordinates. The relationship that evolves between the leader and the follower is based on bargaining exchange or reward systems (Bass, 1985; Bass and Avolio, 1993). Transformational style. Transformational leader encourages subordinates to put in extra effort and to go beyond what they (subordinates) expected before (Burns, 1978). The subordinates of transformational leaders feel trust, admiration, loyalty, and respect toward leaders and are motivated to perform extra-role behaviors (Bass, 1985; Katz and Kahn, 1978).Transformational leaders achieve the greatest performance from subordinates since they are able to inspire their subordinates to raise their capabilities for success and develop subordinates innovative problem solving skills (Bass, 1985; Yammarino and Bass, 1990).This leadership style has also been found to lead to higher levels of organizational commitment and is associated with business unit performance (Barling et al., 1996). The following discussions on leadership factors and leadership outcomes are extracted from Bass and Avolios (2004) MLQ manual. Leadership factors The leadership factors used to measure transformational, transactional and laissez-faire leadership style in this study are from the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) developed by Bass and Avolio based on the theory of Transformational leadership. They are: (1) Laissez-faire factor: The non-leadership. Leaders in this type will always avoid getting involved when important issues arise and avoid making decisions. (2) Transactional leadership factors: Contingent reward. This factor is based on a bargaining exchange system in which the leader and subordinates agree together to accomplish the organizational goals and the leader will provide rewards to them. Leaders must clarify the expectations and offer recognition when goals are achieved. Management-by-exception (active). The leader specifies the standards for compliance, as well as what constitutes ineffective performance, and may punish subordinates for being out of compliance with those standards. This style of leadership implies closely monitoring for mistakes, and errors and then taking corrective action as quickly as needed. Management-by-exception (passive). Passive leaders avoid specifying agreements, clarifying expectations and standards to be achieved by subordinates, but will intervene when specific problems become apparent. This style does not respond to situations and problems systematically. (3) Transformational leadership factors: Idealized influence charisma. This factor consists of firstly, idealized influence attributed, and secondly, idealized influence behavioral. They are the charismatic elements in which leaders become role models who are trusted by subordinates. The leaders show great persistence and determination in the pursuit of objectives, show high standards of ethical, principles, and moral conduct, sacrifice self-gain for the gain of others, consider subordinates needs over their own needs and share successes and risks with subordinates. Inspirational motivation. Leaders behave in ways that motivate subordinates by providing meaning and challenge to their work. The spirit of the team is aroused while enthusiasm and optimism are displayed. The leader encourages subordinates to envision attractive future states while communicating expectations and demonstrating a commitment to goals and a shared vision. Intellectual stimulation. Leaders stimulate their subordinates efforts to be innovative and creative by questioning assumptions, reframing problems, and approaching old situations in new ways. The intellectually stimulating leader encourages subordinates to try new approaches but emphasizes rationality. Individualized consideration. Leaders build a considerate relationship with each individual, pay attention to each individuals need for achievement and growth by acting as a coach or mentor, developing subordinates in a supportive climate to higher levels of potential. Individual differences in terms of needs and desires are recognized. Work performance The success of a project is usually stated in terms of meeting three major objectives: completion on time, completion within budget, completion at the desired level of quality or technical specification (Tukel and Rom, 2001; Xiao and Proverbs, 2003).Atkinson (1999) called these three criteria the iron triangle or golden triangle. In this study, the performance levels of subordinate were measured in the direction which would support the success of meeting deadlines achieving sales targets and completion of various other managerial projects. Thus they were measured from firstly, work quantity (achievement compared with the planned schedule), and secondly, work quality (fit with the desire level of supervisory requirement). In addition, when working in the organization on various projects, people have to coordinate and work together as a team hence teamwork and work disciplines are the important qualities they should occupy (Sanvido et al., 1992; Nguyen et al., 2004). Besides, meeting w ith various customers nature is a daily operation where unpredictable problems occur regularly, creativity in problem solving and the level of dependability on handling routine work and new assignments is an essential quality that the subordinates must posses (Nguyen et al., 2004; Nitithamyong and Tan, 2007). Thus these performance aspects needing to be measured from subordinates include: work quantity, work quality, dependability, team work; creativity in problem solving, work discipline and overall job satisfaction. Together, the seven are used as measures of work performance. The samples There is no list of routinely managerial work projects of oil and gas companies of Pakistan, therefore a non-probability sampling incorporating snowball technique will be adopted selecting 25 qualified Areas Sales Managers (supervisors) and 175 sales manager(subordinates) Research instrument A questionnaire survey was adopted for collecting data because of its advantage in yielding responses in standard format from a large number of respondents and the benefit of collecting data from respondents from geographically dispersed locations. The measurements adopted in the questionnaires are: Effective Leadership styles in this research will be measured by studying the definitions as given by Bass and Avolios (2004) in their multifactor leadership questionnaire (MLQ) Form 5X. and then formulating a questionnaire on leadership style. 2 statements are used to measure each behavior therefore a total of 18 statements of Likert scale are self formulated. The measurement required sales managers to rate each statement on a five-point rating scale ranging from strongly disagree to Strongly agree based on their experience with their supervisor. Work performance. A rating tool was devised for Area Sales Managers (supervisors) to evaluate their subordinates work performance. The measurement required Area Sales Managers to rate each statement on a five-point rating scale ranging from strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree based on their experience with the subordinates. Statements focused on 7 components of subordinates work performance as discussed previously. Literature Review According to Mustapha and Naoum (1998), team management style (9, 9) was chosen by all high performing managers as their preferred management style. The finding further showed a significant association between the level of authority given to the managers and their level of effectiveness. High performing managers were given higher authority than moderate performing ones. Odusami et al. (2003) concluded that there was significant relationship between the project leaders professional qualification, his leadership style, team composition and overall project performance. The most appropriate leadership style identified in their research is consultative autocrat which is similar to team management used in Mustapha and Naoums (1998) study. Other group of scholars explained that leadership behaviour is culturally determined and different from culture to culture. (Burger and Bass, 1979; Lok and Crawford, 2004). National culture can produce statistically significant moderating effects on the impact of leadership on outcomes, subordinates performance, expectations, organizational commitment and job satisfaction are vary from country to country because of the dissimilarity in cultures as well (Al-Meer, 1989; Hofstede, 1991). Besides, some scholars have conducted the research on the relationship between leadership and its outcomes such as satisfaction, work performance, commitment and their result showed the positive association between them (Euske and Jackson, 1980; Savery, 1994). Therefore, it can be assumed that the variations in leadership styles and individuals preferences are influences from cultures variations would lead to differences in outcomes. Yukongdi (2004) revealed that the most preferred management style by t he employees was consultative management, followed by participative, paternalistic, while the least proportion of employees preferred an autocratic manager. Employees who perceived their managers to be more democratic also reported a higher level of influence in decision making, greater satisfaction with participation, and job satisfaction. Numerous scholars have provided evidence contradicting the above. For instance; Kumbanaruk (1987) observed that employees are accustomed to a tradition of a top-down approach with employees receiving orders rather than thinking by themselves and expressing their own ideas. Thai culture is characterised by a tight hierarchical social system, accepted existential inequality and a strong value of relationships (Komin, 1990). Kumbanaruk (1987) and Komin (1990) suggested that employees might feel uncomfortable working in a participative work setting. Involvement in decision-making may bring unwanted responsibilities to subordinates (Rohitratana, 1998) . Thai culture, long time ago, does not encourage subordinates to dare to make mistakes, nor to take initiative but favour avoiding taking risks, because risk means bringing on more uncertain situations and increasing responsibilities (Holmes and Tangtongtavy, 1995). Therefore, it seems reasonable to reveal that working under a participative leader may not necessarily lead to greater job satisfaction among some employees. Hofstede (1980) remarked that in countries in which most employees are afraid to disagree with their managers (high power distance countries); subordinates prefer managers spread across the autocratic or paternalistic styles. Consequently, it is logical to predict that a larger proportion of such employees will prefer either an autocratic or paternalistic manager, while fewer employees would prefer a consultative manager. According to Lok and Crawford (2004), it was expected that higher initiating structure leadership style would provide greater commitment and job satisfaction in Asian firms whereas, higher consideration leadership style would provide greater commitment and job satisfaction in a western firm. Brown (2003) summarised the concept of task-oriented and relation-oriented leadership from several scholars in his research. He revealed that task oriented leadership have included initiating structure; concern with production; autocratic; achievement oriented; goal-achieving include contingent reward; management by exception (active) and management by exception (passive). Relations oriented leadership, or consideration consists of idealized influence (attributed); idealized influence (behavior); individualized consideration; intellectual stimulation and inspirational motivation. According to Burns (1978), transactional leadership is the fundamental of one person taking the initiative in making contact with others for the purpose of an exchange of valued things or bargaining process. It involves rewards and Punishments. Transactional lea ders must identify and clarify to subordinates about the setting role, task requirements, performance expectations and the distribution of rewards and punishment according to performance (Bass, 1985) whereas transformational leadership occurs when leaders and followers raise one another to higher levels of motivation and morality. The transformational leader exhibits charisma, develops a vision, provides inspiration, motivates by creating high expectations and modeling appropriate behaviors, gives consideration to the individual, pays personal attention to followers, provides intellectual stimulation, and challenges followers with new ideas and approaches (Burns, 1978). From the foregoing, transactional leadership is akin to initiating structure or task orientation whereas the transformational style is similar to consideration or relations orientation. Brazier (2005) indicated that organic or flatter structures type of organization with decentralized decision making and low power di stance of most Western firms tends to facilitate a more transformational leadership style while bureaucratic structures with high power distance and high collectivism of Asian firms encourage a more transactional style. Besides, the relationship between organizational commitment and work performance has also been examined by Mowday et al. (1974) and their result indicated that these two variables are positively linked to each other whereas Porter and Steers (1973) found positive relationship between organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Therefore, a transactional leader is capable of facilitating the formation of a group which performs at higher commitment and work performance level to the organization in the Asian context or eastern background. Hypothesis Development I therefore hypothesized the following for Pakistan: H0. There is no leadership approach present in the organization H1. There is no relationship between Laissez-faire leadership style and work performance of the subordinate H2. There is no relationship between transactional leadership style and work performance of the subordinate H3. There is no relationship between transformational leadership style work performance of the subordinate The focus of this research is on leadership styles and their effects on subordinates work performance. Data on leadership style shall be gathered from the subordinate group whereas supervisors will be providing data on their subordinates work performance level based on their judgment. The sales and marketing departments of oil companies mainly multinationals operating in Pakistan usually have one area sales manager who receives direct instructions from the national sales manager at the same time supervises 5 to 8 sales officers (subordinates). Thus, there are direct contacts and relationships between area sales managers and his subordinates. Therefore, sales officers, as direct subordinates of the Area Sales Managers are chosen as the respondents to provide data on the leadership styles and personal competencies of their Area Sales Managers. On the other hand, Area Sales Managers provided data on the work performance of their direct subordinates. The Job description of Area sales manager is managing portfolios, developing a customer base necessary to meet all forecasts and budgets, aligning the number of distributors in the territory by strategic consolidation to increase companies ROI, articulating year on year sales forecasts for procurements at supply chain which helps in minimizing warehousing costs, developing trade promotions scheme for distributors to enhance brand image and sales volume, in close coordination with the brand team, working as a point of contact for customers which ensures smooth business transactions at all levels, keeping close follow ups with all team members prospecting for new business, preparing and presenting proposals and maintaining existing relationships. Thus, it is necessary that both Supervisors and their subordinates are qu alified to be selected for data collection. This reduces the potential bias. The top oil companies of Pakistan were identified and a full set of questionnaires (one for the Area Sales Managers and four to eight for subordinates) were then sent to each qualified work unit with the covering letter explaining the objectives of the study and assuring respondents of confidentiality and urging them to participate in the study.