The Impact of Immigration on the American Society and Culture

Science and Grammar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Science and Grammar - Essay Example Simultaneously, science becomes significant when it is scattered to a huge gathering of individuals. A few people are probably going to disregard these realities, yet doing so is simply declining to acknowledge the reality and reality. In light of this, a few understudies and individuals everywhere may scrutinize the significance of composing logical issues and ideas effectively with no linguistic or spelling botches. There is no specific and explicit meaning of science, as more definitions are probably going to be made by various individuals in various scholastic fields. In any case, as a rule, science can be seen to establish scholarly and functional movement, which may include the precise investigation of the structure and conduct of the physical and regular world through perception and test (Ray 2). Science from this basic definition can be believed to be significant and basic to the lives of individuals and in the age and spread of information. Understudies may believe that, as long as the primary thought in the logical information has been progressed to the peruser, there is no central motivation to stress and have worry with respect to punctuation and right spelling. The understudies may believe that these viewpoints are not significant in logical world. Notwithstanding, understudies need to realize this isn't the situation or isn't a position, and as an educator, I can bolster. Much the same as the manner in which punctuation and spelling contemplations are significant in different fields, understudies should realize that the equivalent applies in logical world. Simply envision perusing logical bit of information that is brimming with language errors and spelling. In the first place, as a peruser of such article, one is probably going to consider the author not genuine with the work or even the essayist to be indiscreet. Additionally, the peruser of such article is probably going to be disheartened or even to get impartial in perusing such an article from the world go. Subsequently, the logical

Physical Therapist Assistant Resume Examples, Template, and Resume Tips

Physical Therapist Assistant Resume Examples, Template, and Resume Tips Are you looking for your very first job and are frightened of how to even start writing your resume while you still have no experience?Or are you a seasoned employee just wanting a change of pace and new challenges?In both cases, we at Cleverism are there to offer you a helping hand in the resume-making process.As a physical therapist assistant, you do not have to know all the tips and tricks on how to make the best possible resume, so this is why we are here to make this easier, and answer some of the most common questions that arise when you inevitably start creating a resume for yourself.The questions that most commonly arise are:How will I stand out?How long should my resume be?What information should I include?I do not have any experience! What can I do?And many more.By reading this text and following the simple rules and guidelines you will learn how to:make your resume be at the top 2% of all resumesincrease your chances at a callbackmake your values work for you (and mask an y potential flaws)learn how to handle each section in the best possible waySo, before we start explaining each section separately, we will provide you with two great examples of how a PTA resume should look like.You will surely be able to recognize some patterns and/or rules and even previous mistakes just by going through the examples.The in-depth explanation of sections will help you be sure of how to fix the mistakes and make your resume work for you.Before you start creating your resume, visit our resume builder and choose a template that fits you the most.You can gradually fill it in as we go about explaining the sections, or you can decide to complete it after you get a full idea.Either way, our designs and usability guarantee that you will find exactly what you need.Let us start by revising these two examples:Physical Therapist Assistant Resume Example Right Physical Therapist Assistant Resume Sample Right Create your own resumeAfter you have read through our two examples we are sure that you have noticed some issues that you should pay attention to when writing or revising your resume.Nevertheless, we are offering you a hands-on, step-by-step approach to writing each individual section, just to make sure that you did not miss any important point.If you havent already, choose one of our templates and start filling up sections as we go.It will make the process faster. If you need to revise, feel free to take notes and apply the knowledge to your resume building later.GUIDE ON WRITING THE PERSONAL INFO SECTION THAT NAILS THE JOBIt seems as if the personal information section is not something that needs to be thoroughly explained. However, it only seems so.You would be surprised how many candidates are eliminated just by making one quick glance over this section.Although it is pretty straightforward to fill out this section, there are several mistakes that you may overlook. Recruiters sp end only about 7 seconds scanning each resume.This might make it more difficult for the mistakes to be noticeable, however, if by chance it is the mistake that catches the recruiters eye, theres pretty much nothing that can make them look further than this part.The first thing you should pay attention to is to give all the necessary information needed to contact you and make sure they are up-to-date and correct.It would be a shame to lose opportunity just because you mistyped your e-mail or you left out a digit in your phone number.The obligatory parts of the personal information section are:Name use your full name (first name and your last name, feel free to leave out middle names). The practice has shown that sometimes people use their nickname. This would constitute a mistake as it implies a lack of professionalism and shows a childish approach.Phone and address Make sure to give information about your current address and current, active phone number.E-mail Your e-mail address should be easily remembered and linked to your person. The safest option is to make it a combination of your first and last name since it will be transparent to who it belongs to. You should be available to reach via e-mail so checking it daily is a priority.A mistake that happens quite so often is that people use their old e-mail address that reflects their youthfulness.You really do not want to be remembered as the person with jackson.mc.hottie@gmail.com as an e-mail. Opt for jacksonsmith@gmail.com better (or something to that extent).Avoid randomly thrown down numbers or letters as well it will be more difficult to remember and easier to mistype. It is good to have an e-mail only for work-related business.Optional information are:LinkedIn account it is a modern-day equivalent to a business card. If you do not have it, make it. It takes only a few minutes to create, and it shows how professional you are. You are not required to provide it but it can make a difference.Photo in s ome countries having a photo on your resume is obligatory while it is not required in others. Some even find it distasteful to include it because they want to avoid bias based on physical appearance. To be sure what you should do, gather information about practices in your state/country.What mistakes are possible regarding resume photos? Make sure that the photo is of good quality, that your photo is also up-to-date (you do not want to include a photo when you were 26 and you are 40 now), and make sure that it is a nice headshot made in a studio (or at home in front of a wall). Cropped party or outdoor pictures are not considered appropriate.Have you made any of these mistakes? If you have, correct them and fill up the next section of your resume using our resume builder. Easily add or remove the section for photosGUIDE ON WRITING THE SUMMARY SECTIONThe summary section is just that- a summary of who you are, what you can offer to the company and what you are looking to get from this new experience.The summary section is the trickiest to write. The reason for that is that we, as people, either has a tendency to talk about ourselves a lot, or not talk about ourselves at all.Both these cases are not good for writing a summary of your resume.If you are shy and reserved, your resume may seem stingy and generic, essentially just stating the obvious and not giving any new, enticing information that may help your cause.In the case of talkative people who are comfortable talking about themselves, a summary section often turns into a shorter essay, which the recruiters have no time to read.The key to writing the summary section is finding the balance between the two and creating a short paragraph, 2-3 sentences long, with just the right information to draw the recruiters attention.For all of you, who belong to the second group of people, just hone in your enthusiasm a bit and you will have your perfect resume. And all of you who are dreading talking about yourself, just follow these simple guidelines and you will be on track.So, what should a perfect summary have?We said it should be about 2 or 3 sentences long. Another thing you should pay attention to is stating who you are in terms of profession, so by all means, start with A physical therapist is looking for a new job. Now, this sounds a little dry and generic, so what should you do next?You should enrich the original sentence with information that applies to you and echo the job application requirements. Are they looking for an experienced therapist?If yes, point out your experience. If you do not have it point out something else that makes you stand out.Also, say what you want to get out of the new job e.g. more hands-on experience, and what you can bring to the picture e.g. fresh perspective, new techniquesLook at these examples and realize what it is that you may have done wrong in the past.Summary (Generic)A PTA with experience is looking for a new job to put his experience in use. Wro ngSummary (Extensive)A young, inspired PTA with over 5 years of experience is looking for a PTA position where I can put my experience to good use and learn more about the field of physical therapy from more experienced therapists. I enjoy helping people and working in a friendly, goal-oriented environment. I really like working with people and Ive made it my mission to help. WrongSummaryA young, inspired PTA with over 5 years of experience for a PTA position where I can put my experience to good use and learn more about the field of physical therapy from more experienced therapists. I enjoy helping people and working in a friendly, goal-oriented environment. RightUse our resume builder to write your perfect summary right now, while the information is still fresh and you are inspired!GUIDE ON WRITING EXPERIENCE SECTIONThe key to writing a good experience section is to really focus on the relevant experience.There is no need to write down the work you did to put yourself through sc hool like your afternoon shift in a local buffet.While this shows that you are hardworking and dedicated, it might draw attention away from your experience within physical therapy.To make the best out of this section, write your experience starting from the most recent up to the very first one.Highlight the period you have been at this post and also provide full information about the previous employer.Listing the job like this is not enough for a good resume that will stand out.It is advisable to provide information about specific achievements and accomplishments during that engagement in as much detail as possible the number of recovered patients, new knowledge you received, and so on.This could all be easy if you have a master resume to use as a helping tool to recall everything that you have accomplished, but what happens if you do not have any experience in the field and you are just looking for your very first job?In that case, we advise to leave out experience section altoget her and focus on your achievements during education.You can also make your summary work for you by saying that you are open and ready to learn from a more experienced therapist.Luckily, with our resume builder you can quickly add or remove sections according to your needs, so, take your pick and let’s get started!GUIDE ON WRITING THE MOST AMAZING EDUCATION SECTIONWriting the education section may be the most straightforward part of writing a resume. What you need to do is just list any formal education you have acquired over the years.Stick to the points relevant to the job. You are a physical therapist and the fact that you have a management certificate is great but is not relevant when you are applying for a physical therapist assistant job.We already mentioned that recruiters spend just a few seconds scanning your resume, so why risk your chances if they notice what is not relevant rather than the right, targeted information.After you have picked the right education information , it is time to highlight them in the right order.As with the experience section, you should pick the reverse-chronological order and start from the most recent one and go back to the first relevant one.List any certificate or diploma (online certificates also) along with your college education.One question often comes up, and that is if you should list your high school education. Unless it is directly related to the job you are applying-avoid it.To make your education work for you in the best possible way in the eyes of your recruiters, highlight any accomplishments during specific education: scholarships, awards, honors, a great GPA, and more.Also, do not forget to include information about the license to practice physical therapy.Pick the right resume layout from our builder and easily add or remove sections. In this way, you will make sure that all the correct information is right there where they need to be. Lets do it!SKILLS SECTION THAT WILL MATTER IN 2019Writing the skills s ection is pretty straight forward as long as you know which skills to include and which ones are not necessary. We divide skills into two groups hard skills and soft skills. Hard skills are the ones directly related to your profession i.e. specific kinds of massages or techniques, fields in which you are skilled (injury recovery, developmental physical therapy).Soft skills are your personal skills that help you do your job or may be a great addition to the hard skills (depending on the job add).For example, being a great listener is a plus for a physical therapist since you are working with people on a daily basis, and if your patients are feeling comfortable around you so they can share concerns and ask questions is crucial for the success of physical therapy.If you are applying for a position overseas or even somewhere where there are multiple nationalities, speaking another language is also something you should include.Avoid, however, information about your personal life that ha s no connection to the job.The fact that you are able to stay in a handstand for 5 minutes is great, but your recruiters will not find it important on your resume.Another trick with writing a skills section is the level of mastery. Just simply writing skills down is not a tell tale sign that you are the right person for the job.Luckily, our resume builder offers you a variety of ways in which you can grade your skill knowledge.You can use stars, lines, grades or even a descriptive method (advanced, beginner, and so on).Just pick the one you like and lets start.SkillsActive listeningGait training for patientsWorking with minimal supervisionPassive stretch with patientsTherapeutic massageAmbidexterityAccessing pain toleranceInfection control procedures WrongSkills Right Pro TipNote:Pick one way of grading and stick to it, this is just an illustration.FINAL TIPS TRICKSKeep a master resume. By keeping a master resume you will have all the information about your experience and education in the same place, and you will not have to worry if you have forgotten a detail or two, especially about the points that happened a few years ago. Make sure to update it constantly with any new experience or acquired certificate.Tailor-make your resume. Each time you send out a resume, make sure to adjust it to the job description. Include only relevant information we did say this already several times, but there is no harm in highlighting it. Even the slightest change to your resume can make a difference.Proofread. Although you are more interested in helping people get better and words and spelling are not your main concern, you should pay attention to any type-Os or mistakes that can harm your professional image. Sometimes it helps to have a friend or a fa mily member proofread the resume. The new set of eyes will be more scrutinous to find something that escaped you.Use our resume builder to quickly and effectively create a resume that will set you apart from other candidates. You will also be sure that the format is just right, it will take less time to create than if you were making it from scratch, and you will be sure that all the required information are where they should be.Include information that you are able to elaborate on. If you are not able to explain why a specific piece of information found its place on your resume you should not include it. It will harm your chances to get the job, especially in the in-person interview round as it will seem like you just needed it to fill the empty space, without any content value.Keep it short and sweet. A one-page resume is a great way to present your case. All the information is in one place, and there is no need for twisting and turning the pages to find the desired information. T his is specifically important in the first round of recruitment as the resumes are only glanced through.Save your resume in the PDF or link format. It is the easiest to open, print, and it is un-editable. In addition, it really looks professional and neat.CONCLUSIONWe here at Cleverism hope that following the simple steps of creating a perfect resume will help you quickly create one that will get you your dream job.You are on a mission to help people (re)gain their strength, and our mission is to make the job search easier and less time consuming so you can focus on what is important for you- helping people feel better.With a little luck and with the help of our resume builder we are sure that the right job will come your way in no time!   Good luck! Create your own resume

How to Make Glow-in-the-Dark Drinks

Have you ever wanted  to make a glowing cocktail? There isnt a safe chemical you can add to make a drink glow in the dark on its own.  There are several edible substances that glow brightly from fluorescence under black light or ultraviolet light. To work the magic, simply add black lights to light your own glowing concoctions. Key Takeaways: Glow in the Dark Drinks There is no chemical that may be safely mixed into drinks to make them glow in the dark.However, many safe liquids glow (fluoresce) under black or ultraviolet light. Of these, the brightest glow is produced by tonic water, which appears blue.Without a black light, drinks may be made to appear to glow using presentation tricks. You can use a glowing glass, ice cubes containing small lights, or use a glow stick as a stirrer. If you want to make glowing drinks, get a pocket-sized black light (ultraviolet lamp) and take it shopping with you. Shine the light on products and look for a glow. Note that the glow may be a different color from the product. Also, you will discover many plastic containers are highly fluorescent. Here is a list of beverages and additives that reputedly glow in the dark under black light. Absinthe and Blue Curacaoâ„ ¢ contain alcohol, but the other items can be used for any occasion. Some fluorescent and phosphorescent substances will glow for several seconds after the light source is removed. Blue raspberry Little Hugsâ„ ¢ (kiddie soft drink)Mountain Dewâ„ ¢ and Diet Mountain Dewâ„ ¢Ã‚  Tonic Water (or any drink containing quinine glow blue)Many sports drinks (especially those with B vitamins such as Monsterâ„ ¢ energy drinks)AbsintheBlue Curacaoâ„ ¢Some bright food colorsCertain flavors of gelatinVitamin B12 (glows bright yellow)Chlorophyll (like from spinach juice, glows blood red)Milk (yellow)Caramel (pale yellow)Vanilla ice cream (pale yellow)Honey (golden yellow) Of these options, tonic water glows the most brightly under black light. Cranberry juice is not fluorescent, but it may be mixed with tonic water to offset the flavor and tint the blue so it appears purple or reddish. Clear soft drinks typically appear to glow under a black light because the bubbles from the carbonation reflect back the visible portion of light from the lamp. Tonic water glow bright blue under black light. Photo by Cathy Scola / Getty Images Make Drinks Appear to Glow You can make any drink appear to glow by using glowing products: Use glow sticks as cocktail stirrers. Simply snap the glow stick before serving the drink. The glow from the stick will illuminate the liquid. Now, while the oily liquid inside glow sticks is nominally non-toxic, it tastes truly awful. Check the glow stick for damage before placing it in a drink. Also, do not microwave the stick prior to use. Some people do this because the heat makes the glow brighter (although it doesnt last as long). Microwaving glow sticks can cause damage to the appliance and may cause the stick to break open.Add a glowing ice cube. If you have a black light, try ice cubes made using tonic water. Tonic water fluoresces bright blue. Another option is to freeze a small light into the water to make a true glowing ice cube. A simple method is to enclose an LED glowie inside a small zipper plastic bag. All you need is a coin battery, an LED (in the color of your choice), and a small bag. Another option is to use a glowing plastic ice cube. These are available in some stores and online. Basically, you chill the ice cube and turn on the light before adding it to a cocktail. Two advantages are that the luminous cubes are re-usable and they dont melt and dilute the drink. Some types of LED glow cubes can display multiple colors or even morph between them.Use a glowing glass. With a black light, simply use a fluorescent plastic glass. These are widely available at grocery and liquor stores. You could also add a light to a regular glass or purchase special glasses that contain lights.Add phosphorescent objects to the drink. There are many plastic glow-in-the-dark objects that may be added to drinks. Stars are the obvious choice! Source Zhejiang Guangyuan Toys Co., Ltd. Glow Stick Light Material Safety Data Sheet.

Analysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues - 1578 Words

James Baldwin’s short story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† was a great tale of the struggles shared between two brothers in Harlem in 1957. This story is about two African American brothers who, unfortunately, grew apart as the aged. The plot shows the struggles the two brothers faced as they grew up in Harlem, and in return, the two drastically different paths they perused. James Baldwin was an African American who grew up in Harlem in the 1930s and 40s. Baldwin was the oldest of nine children, and grew up in a very poor family, having a very bad relationship with his stepfather. Baldwin followed in his stepfather’s footsteps in becoming a preacher, but as he was studying to do so, he realized that his true calling was to become a writer. Baldwin†¦show more content†¦The narrator says that he â€Å"couldn’t believe it: but what I mean by that is I couldn’t find any room for it anywhere inside me. I had kept it outside me for a long ti me. I hadn’t wanted to know† (Baldwin600). The narrator and Sonny haven’t spoken much since the death of their mother. The narrator wanted Sonny to stay in school and finish, and Sonny wanted to drop out and join the army or the navy, and then chase his dream of being a jazz piano player. Sonny agreed to stay in school at first, but after a while, he stopped going and eventually ran away and joined the army. After not hearing from Sonny in years, the narrator heard from him out of nowhere when he was deployed in Greece. Both Sonny and the narrator were living in New York years after the war was over. They would meet sometimes, but it would always result in a fight, and eventually the narrator and Sonny stopped speaking. Before their mother died, she told the narrator to look after his brother. She said â€Å"it ain’t only the bad ones, nor yet the dumb ones that gets sucked under† (Baldwin607). So when Sonny got arrested for heroin, the narrat or felt some guilt and that it was sort of his fault, but at the same time, he felt that he wanted nothing to do with him and his troubles. The narators confusion on the matter was put to a rest when he ran into one of Sonny’s friends right after the arrest, and his friend made it clear that as soon as Sonny got out he would goShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues 916 Words   |  4 PagesJames Baldwin’s story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† tells the tale of two African-American brothers trying to survive in 1950s America. Both struggle with darkness in their lives, from drugs to bottling up emotions. The following sources were found Literature Research Center’s website. Each of the four sources will be evaluated for the quality of their information, as well as their usefulness on the topic of darkness in â€Å" â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†. Flibbert, Joseph. Sonny s Blues: Overview. Reference Guide to ShortRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues 933 Words   |  4 Pagesstory. Blues is a genre of music that is often used to express a sad mood. The contradictory lives of the two brothers contribute to the theme of being safe and take risks. In this story, James Baldwin writes about two brothers who were raised together. As time passed, they separated from one another and lived completely different lives. â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† by James Baldwin addresses the themes of finding comfort in music, dangers of addiction and the suffering of two brothers. First, Baldwin uses theRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues Essay2104 Words   |  9 PagesSeveral dialectics are at play in James Baldwin’s short story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† including a dialectic between the narrator and his beloved brother Sonny involving their opposing responses to the sense of oppression and limitation that arises from living in Harlem. This dialectic and its resolution closely parallel Baldwin’s masterful use of Blues, Jazz, and Gospel music. We follow the narrator and his brother Sonny as they traverse the complexities of their individual and interconnected Harlem livesRead MoreAnalysis Of Sonny s Blue By James Baldwin Essay1004 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Sonny’s Blue† by James Baldwin is a story about two brothers who grew up in poverty. One brother went on to become a teacher, while the other pursued his dreams to become a musician and finds himself in prison due to drug use. The story begins with the narrator finding out about Sonny’s arrest. It’s easy to see his shock and almost disbelief. It takes the narrator a while to write to Sonny, but eventually he does, and they regain communication with one another after over a year of silence. Sonny is releasedRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues 1366 Words   |  6 Pagesand dark ultimately guides Sonny and the narrator in their journey to overcome their internal struggles. In the short story Sonny’s Blues, James Baldwin uses darkness and light to show struggles and, transformation as both brothers teeter between the different shades of the blues, using music as a way to bring them both to redemption. Often times, when light is used in stories, readers can very easily relate the idea to happiness and following the right path. Baldwin uses light to illustrate whatRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues 995 Words   |  4 PagesJames Baldwin presents an emotional journey through Harlem in the 1950’s with his short story, â€Å"Sonny’s Blues.† From the beginning, the story is in medias res when the unnamed narrator is informed of bad news concerning his younger, troubled brother, Sonny. Throughout the story there is an ocean of emotions witnessed between these two brothers as they battle hardships from their past and present time. The setting plays an important role in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† to an extent where it is practically a characterRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues Essay1154 Words   |  5 Pagesntroduction: James Baldwin, author of Sonny s Blues, once said, I grew up with music...much more than with any other language. In a way, the music I grew up with saved my life (Session 3 Inquiry: Rudolfo Anaya and James Baldwin, 2015).   Blues becomes Sonny s drug and his addiction to it his salvation.       Even though the adults refrain from lamenting their sufferings directly to the children and telling them about the darkness, the child-narrator still intimates its marks in their facesRead MoreAnalysis Of `` Sonny s Blue `` By James Baldwin1474 Words   |  6 Pages Music can be the lead to freedom from darkness. The story â€Å"Sonny’s Blue† by James Baldwin takes places in Harlem around the 1950’s. The story is about two brothers. One of the brothers is the narrator of the story whose name is unknown. The narrator tells the story of the struggles in Harlem but mainly the struggles of his brother with drugs, and his passion for jazz music. Through out the story the narrator avoids giving a sense of his own struggles with himself. However, in the end the readerRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny Blues 1753 Words   |  8 Pagesiniquity, gloom, or without light. In the short novel Sonny Blues by James Baldwin, the word â€Å"darkness† ap peared frequently throughout the reading. I think the significance of darkness of this particular situation of this book that Baldwin is trying to present is fear and suffering. It shows how the characters are in the state of panic and fear, of the situation they are in and all the sufferings they have to go through. Connecting the Baldwin to the novel, Harlem; where the story takes place isRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues 1292 Words   |  6 Pages James Baldwin was raised in poverty in Harlem where, at the age of fourteen, he became a preacher in the Fireside Pentecostal Church. After high school he decided to become a writer and with the help of the black American expatriate writer Richard Wright, won a grant that enabled him to move to Paris, where he lived most of his remaining years. He wrote a variety of novels mostly about the intellectual trials of black men in a white, racist society and homosexual themes. James Baldwin wrote â€Å"Sonny’s

Historical Development of Organisational Behaviour Free Essays

Organizational behavior  is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups and structures have on behavior within an organization. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes sociology, psychology, communication, and management; and it complements the academic studies of  organizational theory and human resource studies Basic Functions – Management operates through various functions, often classified as planning, organizing, staffing, leading/directing, and controlling/monitoring and motivation. * Planning : Deciding what needs to happen in the future (today, next week, next month, next year, over the next five years, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Historical Development of Organisational Behaviour or any similar topic only for you Order Now ) and generating plans for action. * Organizing : Pattern of relationships among workers, making optimum use of the resources required to enable the successful carrying out of plans. * Staffing : Job analysis, recruitment and hiring for appropriate jobs. * Leading/directing : Determining what needs to be done in a situation and getting people to do it. * Controlling/monitoring : Checking progress against plans. * Motivation : Motivation is also a kind of basic function of management, because without motivation, employees cannot work effectively. History – * F. W. Taylor and Scientific Management * Fayol * Hawthorne Studies * Theory X and Y 1. F. W. Taylor and scientific Management – Taylor’s scientific management consisted of four principles: First. They develop a science for each element of a man’s work, which replaces the old  rule-of-thumb  method. Second. They scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the workman, whereas in the past he chose his own work and trained himself as best he could. Third. They heartily cooperate with the men so as to insure all of the work being done in accordance with the principles of the science which has been developed. Fourth. There is an almost equal division of the work and the responsibility between the management and the workmen. The management take over all work for which they are better fitted than the workmen, while in the past almost all of the work and the greater part of the responsibility were thrown upon the men. 2. Fayol – * Division of work – Specialization increases output by making employees more efficient. * Authority – Managers must be able to give orders. * Discipline – Employees must obey and respect the rules that govern the organization. * Unity of command – Every employee should receive orders from only one superior. * Unity of direction – Each group of organizational activities that have the same objective should be directed by one manager using one plan. * Remuneration – Workers must be paid a fair wage for their services. * Order – People and materials should be in the right place at the right time. * Scalar chain – The line of authority from top management to the lowest ranks represents the scalar chain. How to cite Historical Development of Organisational Behaviour, Essay examples

Marxist Theory on Crime and Punishment Essay Essay Example

Marxist Theory on Crime and Punishment Essay Paper Marxist Theory and Crime and Punishment Throughout human history countless philosophers have risen with what they thought to be the best signifier of authorities for society as a whole. Karl Marx may be the most influential philosopher in Russian history. Harmonizing to The Free Dictionary. Marxism is the construct that â€Å"class battle plays a cardinal function in understanding society’s allegedly inevitable development from bourgeois subjugation under capitalist economy to a socialist and finally egalitarian society† . With this theory. Marx had a great impact on Russian literature? specifically. Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s Crime and Punishment. Harmonizing the the Marxist theory. one would construe Crime and Punishment as a perfect illustration to the rise of communism. This fresh embodies the Marxist theory because it is a announcement of a labor. being that Raskolnikov is out of topographic point in society. fighting from a paralysing poorness and has a craving f or contending for the common good among a society of unfair people. Harmonizing to the Marxist theory. aberrance is an apprehensible response to poorness. Throughout the novel. there are many cases where Raskolnikov. along with other characters in the novel. suffer from poorness and in return take drastic steps. For case. Sonya Marmeladov. a good ­willed. spiritual beauty. turned to harlotry in order to assist her household stay afloat. Even puting down. â€Å"thirty rubles on the table† . could halt the kids from shouting from famishment. and maintain a roof over their caputs a small longer ( 1. 2. 20 ) . Furthermore. poorness becomes a portion of Raskolnikov We will write a custom essay sample on Marxist Theory on Crime and Punishment Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marxist Theory on Crime and Punishment Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marxist Theory on Crime and Punishment Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Brief Summary of French History

Brief Summary of French History France is a country in Western Europe that is roughly hexagonal in shape. It has existed as a country for a little over a thousand years  and has managed to fill those with some of the most important events in European history. It is bordered by the English Channel to the north, Luxembourg and Belgium to the northeast, Germany and Switzerland to the east, Italy to the southeast, the Mediterranean to the south, southwest by Andorra and Spain and west by the Atlantic Ocean. It currently has a president at the top of government. Historical Summary of France The country of France emerged from the fragmentation of the larger Carolingian empire, when Hugh Capet became King of West Francia in 987. This kingdom consolidated power and expanded territorially, becoming known as â€Å"France†. Early wars were fought over land with English monarchs, including the Hundred Years War, then against the Habsburgs, especially after the latter inherited Spain and appeared to surround France. At one point France was closely associated with the Avignon Papacy, and experienced wars of religion after the Reformation between a twisting combination of Catholic and Protestant. French royal power reached its peak with the reign of Louis XIV (1642 – 1715), known as the Sun King, and French culture dominated Europe. Royal power collapsed fairly quickly after Louis XIV and within a century France experienced the French Revolution, which began in 1789, overthrew Louis XVI and established a republic. France now found itself fighting wars and exporting its world-changing events across Europe. The French Revolution was soon usurped by a general called Napoleon, and the ensuing Napoleonic Wars saw France first militarily dominate Europe, then be defeated. The monarchy was restored, but instability followed and a second republic, second empire and third republic followed in the nineteenth century. The early twentieth century was marked by two German invasions, in 1914 and 1940, and a return to a democratic republic after liberation. France is currently in its Fifth Republic, established in 1959 during upheavals in society.   Key People from the History of France King Louis XIV (1638 - 1715): Louis XIV succeeded to the French throne as a minor in 1642 and ruled until 1715; for many contemporaries, he was the only monarch they ever knew. Louis was the apogee of French absolutist rule and the pageantry and success of his reign earned him the epithet ‘The Sun King’. He has been criticised for letting other European nations grow in strength.Napoleon Bonaparte (1769 - 1821): A Corsican by birth, Napoleon trained in the French army and success gained him a reputation, enabling him to get close to the political leaders of late-revolutionary France. Such was Napoleon’s prestige that he was able to seize power and transform the country into an Empire with himself at its head. He was initially successful in European wars, but was beaten and twice forced into exile by a coalition of European nations.Charles de Gaulle (1890 - 1970): A military commander who argued for mobile warfare when France turned instead to the Maginot Line, de G aulle became the leader of the Free French forces during the Second World War and then Prime Minister of the liberated country. After retiring he came back to politics in the late 50s to found the French Fifth Republic and create its constitution, ruling until 1969

Setting Your Freelance Writing Fees

Setting Your Freelance Writing Fees Setting Your Freelance Writing Fees Setting Your Freelance Writing Fees By Colin One of the most difficult things for a freelance writer is deciding what rate to charge for jobs. When working for oneself, it’s not as simple as setting a price and sticking to it rigidly for every client that comes along; there are things to consider, and all kinds of worries involved. Setting your own fees also brings with it a new worry that may never have been considered when you first decided you wanted to be a freelance writer – negotiation. This subject, however, is too big for this article, so I’ll cover it later. Meanwhile, here are some of the things to consider when deciding what fees to charge for your writing. What’s The Gig About? Its vitally important that you understand the full remit of a project, so you can provide an accurate quote for the work involved. The key questions to ask, if you haven’t been told beforehand, are: Type of work: is it an article, sales letter, press release, e-book, or a review? What the job is will greatly affect the charges imposed, because a 1000 word article for a golfing website will not normally pay as high as a 1000 word quality sales letter for a large company. Word/page restriction: how much writing does the client expect for his money? The more words or pages, the higher the fee. Deadline: always make sure you know when the client expects the work. If the project length is too short, tell him. Don’t put yourself under pressure to get work out when you know you will struggle to produce your usual standard. If a client insists on a short deadline, factor it into your price and your contract. How Much Knowledge/Experience Do I Have? Specialist writers will likely have got the job because they are specialists. They can charge a higher rate compared with someone who is relatively new to the field and writing the same material. The more knowledge you have, the more you can write, and to an editor that means longevity. To a writer that means a pleasant and regular rate. Having more experience in a topic can be a selling point, so make sure you let the client know this when you are applying, and as such, gauge your fee against your level of experience. Who Will Own The Rights? Often overlooked, the issue of rights for a piece of work can vary the charge quite significantly. Basically, when you sell a piece, you are selling the rights that go along with it, and the more rights you sell, the higher the rate you can charge. Some clients may wish to try and avoid making extra payments for a full rights purchase, and some may not, mainly because so many writers forget or undertake work un-contracted, it is simply not mentioned. Will There Be Significant Research Required? Never overlook research when calculating a fee, especially if it is for a project that will require hours of reading, material preparation, or even travel. While you are browsing the Internet or sitting in a library, you are lose out financially if you make your quote based on output, and not by the hour. Are There Any Other Expenses? Other expenses can include everything from traveling costs, postage costs, courier costs, or making phone calls. Expenses can build up quickly so never underestimate their importance, and always look to get your charges for this type of thing built into your contract. Whats The Going Rate? As you can see from the above, there is much that can alter a charge for a project. There is no set standard, and the rate one freelancer may charge for a piece of work, may differ to another. To get a feel of what is going on in the market place, and how you fit into it, it won’t do any harm to research what your peers are charging. There are various places to gather information, and gauge a suitable level of compensation for your work, and dependent on your experience. Writing Books: Check your local book store or online, as there are literally hundreds of books available for freelance writers. The Writers’ and Artists Yearbook is one of the best. Unions: In the UK the NUJ (National Union of Journalists) is a great source of advice and information. Freelance Writing Websites: There’s no shortage of websites on the Internet where a freelance writer can research what the going rate for a project is. Also check the job boards and see if there is a ball park figure you can live with. Writers’ Forums: A good forum can be a great place to ask for advice. You can also make great contacts for the future. All of this may be surplus to requirements if the publication or client you have applied to has set the payment schedule in advance. If this is the case, evaluate what you would expect to charge for a certain piece of work, and gauge it against what is on offer. If he is offering too low a fee, walk away or negotiate. Convince him of your worth, but remember, fees are based on a number of economic factors as well as what the client is looking to get in return. If he offers too high a fee in your opinion, accept the job immediately! Don’t Flinch The important thing to remember when setting your fees is to never flinch. Don’t begin with fees that are too large, because raising them is an expected part of business, whereas lowering them is a sign of weakness and lack of confidence. Always remember that you are the expert, and your expertise comes at a price. As with all businesses, you get what you pay for, and while smaller clients might be more cautious, you should never flinch from your charges once you have set them out. Confidence in your abilities gives clients confidence in you, and they will generally meet your fees. The Gut Feeling Factor All of the above is subject to scrutiny, debate, personal opinion, experience, self-confidence, and the Gut Feeling Factor. By that I mean some things may alter your approach to setting fees on an individual basis. For example, a client may present themselves with a poor project they would like you to work on, but with the promise of great work down the line. Or you may get a sense that a new client has connections it would be worth working with them. In both cases you may calculate your fee higher or lower, depending on what you feel is appropriate. Things to consider if you get the Gut Feeling Factor are: How much exposure to other potential markets can the client offer? Is there potential for an on-gong relationship? How do you feel about the contact you have had so far? Do you think you will enjoy the work? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Greek Words You Should KnowBody Parts as Tools of Measurement40 Idioms with First

Challenges of Tourism in Orlando Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Challenges of Tourism in Orlando - Essay Example The growth of Orlando from a small town to a large internationally-recognized tourist city has been shaped by several factors. The hostilities between Settlers and Seminole Indians resulted in Florida’s statehood. In the 1860s, cattle ranching was the widely practiced activity in Central Florida. However, the practice was characterized by chaos resulting in the violent cattle wars of the 1860s (Frommers, 2015). Earlier, infrastructure was absent, and its development began in the 1870s. As the years progressed, cattle ranching was abandoned, and residents picked up citrus farming, industrialization, and real estate development. Fires and fruit-fly infestation rolled back the gains, but infrastructure expansion and the population growth continued during the Second World War.Postwar prosperity of Orlando was contributed by the strong financial and transportation infrastructure developed during the Second World War. Also, the advent of the air-conditioner attracted more people to the city. The bustling tourism industry discharged millions of dollars into the local economy and the massive industrialization in the 1950s contributed to rapid growth. Elsewhere, the prosperity has been characterized by the absence of civil behavior. The cattle wars of 1860’s saw the seeds for gunfights, bar brawls, and murders. The problem of cattle rustling is an activity that petered down, but has persisted up to now. Orlando’s tourism industry is characterized by theme parks populated with hotel chains and numerous restaurants.

Business , Government and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business , Government and Society - Essay Example The article mainly discussed how US regulatory bodies have put in place the most business friendly policies. The business environment views government policies in terms of the regulatory burden and property rights protection that affects them on their day-to-day activities. The article discusses how the US government still currently ranks among the top countries with regards business-friendly policies, despite the issuance of new regulations as counteractive measures to financial crisis. There had also been numerous deregulatory policies of previous governments, and thus the current government has undertaken to put in place business friendly measures. However, there have been complaints among congressmen, business people, and trade representatives that a significant percentage of unemployment has resulted from overregulation of the business environment by the government. The article shows that the World Bank ranking has also not included a number of critical factors such as skills of the workforce, the size of the market and macroeconomic conditions. Nevertheless, African countries have been reported to have the most unfriendly business environment characterized by numerous regulations.   Major Stake Holders and Their Interests Major stakeholders of macroeconomic policies include the governments’ political class, the society, and investors in the business environment. ... Concerning changes in governance, the political class alters these guidelines and rules thus affecting the day-to-day operations of businesses. The government plays key role in to the economy of a country as a whole and thus needs to put in place economic policies that would bring economic developments. The governments’ political class being a major stakeholder to macroeconomics, it has continuously interfered with operations of the economy through the construction of public corporations. However, public corporations have been privatized by many governments in a bid to stimulate economic developments through the sale of underpriced shares to private members of the society. Privatization program has been used by nations as an economic reform programs. Stimulation of economic developments has been possible in many economies by coming up with business environments that are more competitive through privatization of public corporations (Rajan & Asher 95). Macroeconomics Theory and Concepts Macroeconomic theory is not the only aspect used by the government to ensure the business environment is favorable for entrepreneurs and for economic growth. Sustained economic growth in most cases depend on structural performance such as government regulations, public sector privatization, favorable policies, liberalization of trade and efficiency of the banking sector. Economic growth that focuses on distributional and progressive improvement has a positive impact of both the interest of the society and the businesspersons. Macroeconomic theories can be complemented by government policies that seek to improve income distribution in the society. Such policies may include reforms with regards to land tenure, access to financial services at affordable rates

Using Our Fears to Curtail Our Liberties :: Free Essays

The danger we face today in this country is not that government officials will make hasty and rash decisions out of fear. It is that they will use a national crisis as an opportunity to make themselves more powerful and less accountable for what they do in regards to our civil liberties and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution. They realise that in times of great distress and anxiety the general mass of the population is not going to notice these new policies that they are going to rush through congress and have signed by their president all in the name of the war on terrorism. An increasingly tyrannical tone is pervading through the Bush administration. We have seen it in the Patriot legislation act that was so hastily pushed through Congress with barely a mention anywhere in the papers. We have seen it in the President Bush’s order authorizing military tribunals for those thought to be terrorists or conspirators without traditional due process protections and without a right of appeal to anyone but our great President Bush himself. We have also seen it in new federal policies that permit eavesdropping of confidential communications between attorneys and their client’s privileged phone calls. And we have seen it in new regulations that allow the attorney general to imprison non-citizens indefinitely, even if an immigration judge has ruled that there is no evidence to justify holding them against their will. Currently there are 641 citizens and non-citizens being detained throughout our country, who have not been charged with a crime. These de tainees are being held for nothing more then their nationality. This is reminiscent of what happened to the Japanese in our country during the Second World War. If this current wave of policies is to continue, there will be no stopping the current administration and how far they are willing to go.

Marketing †Peter England Essay

To create a quick and universal awareness of the brand’s USP of quality and price. * To build strong brand preference and sustain brand loyalty through attractive imagery and constantly reiterate the product’s pluses Marketing Mix Peter England follows the 4 P’s of the marketing mix: Product architecture – The range comprises regular office wear, special occasion wear and casual wear. Pricing – Price grid integrity is maintained byensuring that65 per cent of the brand offering is below MRP 500 through ‘Core’ range. Promotion – Pricing Objective * Peter England aims at maximizing its market share * Introduces Market Penetration pricing * Peter England in 1997 the journey begins †¦ * Peter England follows Value Based Pricing * Goes in for a High Value Strategy * Offers the consumers premium quality at medium price Pricing Strategy * Price grid integrity maintained by ensuring 65 per cent of the brand offering was below MRP 500 through ‘Core’ range* At the same time premium products introduced at the top end through collectionslike ‘the solids collection’ and ‘the festival collection’

The Battle Of The Great War - 896 Words

The Great War was very different from previous wars. The war was fought on several fronts, the majority being on the Western Front. This front extended from Switzerland to the North Sea. This war also resulted in new technological developments to improve warfare. Life on the home front also differed as many of the women were forced to go to work and uproot and move to where the war was being fought. The civilians during the war also paid a hard price including financially, economically, and many lost their lives. Warfare was very different from previous conflicts especially with the nature of war including new technologies. The most potent weapon during the Great war was the machine gun, which fired 200-250 shots per minute. The skill and accuracy of soldiers was not as of a necessity for this weapon as it shot so rapidly. This weapon did not always immediately kill an enemy, but it would likely lead to a loss of a limb which resulted in infections that would eventually end their lif e. Other new weapons including flame throwers and hand grenades also came into play during this war. War on land also took a turn as to how it was fought. Trench warfare became prevalent at the end of 1914. Both sides of the war dug themselves into the ground in order to entrench themselves in which they would live, eat, sleep, and fight in. The area in between the trenches on each side was referred to as â€Å"No Man’s Land†. The conflict was moving further away from face to face fighting resultingShow MoreRelatedBattle Of The Great War956 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Great War, WWII, and Cold War are described as one big war or not, for sure, each war theoretically ties together. Although the initial cause of the Great War, 1914-1918 is due to the assassination of the Austrian archduke, who was Francis Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, what makes the Great War tied to WWII is the closure war of the series of peace treaties, and also the bitterness and vengeful soldiers. N evertheless, there are three big events that tie the Great War, WWII and Cold war togetherRead MoreEssay on The Great Battles of the American Civil War1457 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Battles of the American Civil War   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Civil War, often called the War for Southern Independence began on April 12, 1861. The main cause of the war was slavery. The southern states depended on slaves to help grow crops which were the main source of income for the south. Slavery was illegal in all of the northern states but most people actually were neutral about it. The main conflict was if slavery should be permitted in the newly developing western territories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first battleRead MoreThe Trojan War : A Great Battle Between The Greek And Trojan Army1149 Words   |  5 PagesThe Trojan War By Jessie Impey The Trojan War was a great battle between the Greek and Trojan army. Many lives were lost due to this tragic event. Some say that the marriage of Peleus and Thetis started, â€Å"rolling effect,† of issues that lead to the war. The young couple decided to not invite Eris, the goddess of discord and strife. It was quite rude, for them to not invite my daughter but in their defense she can cause a lot of issues. Eris became outraged, when she was not invited. 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It consisted of many battles that took place in Europe or in the Pacific that decided the fate of the war. The Battle of the Atlantic was a an important battle because it decided who would control the Atlantic trade routes during the war. If the Axis Powers got a hold of these trade routes then Great Britain (Germany s greatest threat) would have suffered and it would have gave Germany a chance to win the European FrontRead MoreThe War of 1812 between American and Britain1712 Words   |  7 PagesRevolutionary War between America and Britain, was the year that mar ked the beginning of a new conflict that would last America the next three years, the War of 1812. On June 16th of that year, President James Madison declared the start of a war that would greatly impact the future of our country. Britain, still one of the worlds greatest superpowers, was currently warring with France at the time of the declaration, however, Britains reputation as a formidable opponent stood strong. 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This war was the first big war between the persian empire and Spartans/Athens. After the Persian war, the Peloponnesian war took place, which was led by sparta

Israel s International Affairs A Major Issue Of Social...

Despite all of the focus on Israel’s international affairs, ranging from relations with the United States, persistent conflicts with Palestine, and back and forths with Iran, Israel has a major issue of social inequality within their nation. Despite narrowing the number of Israelis in poverty and raising incomes in recent years, Inequality in Israel is still one of the highest of the Western developed countries. According to a report released by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 18.6% of Israelis live beneath the poverty line, which can be defined as those who earn less than 50% of Israel’s median national income. Meanwhile, the top 10%, much to the chagrin of politicians like Bernie Sanders, were taking in nearly 36% of the Israel’s income while the bottom 10% were pulling less than 2%. Therefore, I believe that for Israel’s economy to grow, the country must focus on addressing the rampant inequality that their citizens face. The more people that earn more, the better off the nation will be as a whole. One of the most common and popular statistics to look at when discussing inequality is the famous Gini coefficient. Despite Israel’s Gini coefficient dropping from .371 in 2007 to .360 in 2013, the country still ranks much closer to the â€Å"1† mark than most developed nations. It is important to note that Israel’s issue of income inequality does not stem simply from policies enacted by the current and former administrations, but rather a culturalShow MoreRelatedThe Palestinian And Palestinian State3134 Words   |  13 Pagesunbiased approach towards the actions/ reactions of these tense regions. Covering the everlasting issues of: yielding palestinian refugees, border regulation, global recognition Since the region is so rich with it’s cultural and religious reputation, violence has been extremely evident on both sides. 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My Ambition Of Wanting To Become A Teacher Originates From

My ambition of wanting to become a teacher originates from my own educational experience. Being brought up in Korea, the United States, and Canada, I experienced new places, cultures, and languages wherever my family moved. I am grateful for this unique upbringing, but it also brought a fair amount of struggle. Amidst the overwhelming feeling of trying to absorb the new environments and trying to make friends however, my teacher at each of the schools were the constants in my life. They made me feel safe in their classroom, they were supporting and encouraging of my efforts to learn a new language and culture, and they accepted me as who I was. As I started to ponder my own future career, I thought to myself that this is something I want†¦show more content†¦I taught a science unit on strong and stable structure. Students participated in a class brainstorm of the topic (mind map). Then, they individually selected the factor that most interested them and designed and conducte d an investigation to examine their chosen factor. Mini lessons are provided on experimental design along with investigation recording reports that support learners according to their needs and interests. For my fourth practicum experience, I was fortunate to participate in an unique alternative practicum placement, in Boston, MA. Setting up classrooms, routines, and getting to know the students were a few of the many important things that were happening in the days before and first days of school. I have participated in creating curriculum planning, read stories, lead direct instruction and sensory tables. Introduction to the Classroom/School Context I was in a grade 3 classroom with 20 students, 13 girls and 7 boys. One student had IEP and other student had learning and language difficulties. The classroom was well organized and students were extremely engaged. 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Peruvian Andean Women Free Essays

This research will focus on the Andean woman of Peru in the sixteen century. First, I will explore the role that the woman played in the Inca society. Secondly, I will reflect on the impact the Spanish invasion had on the role woman played in her kinship, in the household, in religion and in relation with productive activities and politics. We will write a custom essay sample on Peruvian Andean Women or any similar topic only for you Order Now Later on, I will discuss the contradictory perceptions of the Andean woman as a victim and as a skilful negotiator. Furthermore, I will focus on change and continuation of the roles that women played in society. The impact of the changes in the demography of Andean communities and all over the Inca empire, the labour division and degradation of the status that women played in society in contrast with the relationship between Spanish men and Indigenous women and its repercussions in the society. Peruvian Andean Woman Before the arrival of Spaniards onto Peruvian soil, Andean woman enjoyed a respected position in the Inca society and was an active collaborator and participant of the political, religious and economic life of the Inca Empire. Silverblatt (1978); presents different elements to show the parallel role of woman and man in Inca societies, like the structure of kinships, she noticed that women were entitled to inherit lands following her maternal line and men through their paternal line. She also observes that the authority in the kinship was not related to gender but to birth order. She continues focusing on the active role of women in the economy and their labor roles; specializing as weavers, brewers, traders and agronomists. A reference to a plead to Carlos V of Spain, requesting protection for indigenous women from Spaniard’s abuses, stresses the importance of women’s work as essential to household labor and complementary to men’s. Karen Viera Powers (2000) noticed the clash between Spanish and native understanding of gender relations, gender roles and sexuality. She puts special emphasis in gender parallelism and complementary roles of men and women, acknowledging that women and men performed different social, political and economic roles; but that these where perceived as equally mportant and that their contributions were valued in the same manner. Powers argues that marriage was not a form of subordination but that â€Å"the Andean ceremony clearly symbolized a union of equals through a ritual gift exchange between husband and wife and between their families that was intended to create balance and harmony between peers. † The Spanish could not understand the way in which t he Inca Empire worked, the Spanish failed to comprehend the reciprocity, parallel and complementary activities performed in the community and impacted a well organized system forever. The role of women in pregnancy, childbirth and childcare was associated with fertility and considered significant to the subsistence and survival of the community. Every year the communities in the Inca empire were inspected by the Inca officials whom had the task to chose the most beautiful virgins to become wives of the Inca. The virgins called acllas, that means chosen in Quechua, were secluded in special institutions to guard their sexuality. These women were expert weavers that produced fine cloths that were used in religious ceremonies or given as gifts to Inca’s allies. Some were taken by the Inca as second wives or married to Inca nobles or to rulers of conquered territories to seal alliances. Polygamy and exogamy for political purposes was very common among the elite members of the Inca Empire. When the Spanish arrived, the Incas tried to consolidate alliances with them through offering women in marriage. In the words of Karen Viera Powers: The Inca’s assignment of beautiful young women to be wives to his allies, not only created intra-elite and interethnic bonds through a reward system, but also produced a sophisticated, hybrid political system. The role of the women in the colonial society has been studied with prejudice towards women. Elinor Burkett (1978) condemns authors who have written with prejudice towards women and presents a different approach focusing on â€Å"indigenous society by considering tribute as a household rather than an individual obligation. † Men and women worked as a team, as did the whole family. Indeed men and women even shared some professions. Karen Graubart (2000) explains this by citing the chronicles of Fray Bernabe Cobo: The Indian women spin not only at home, but when they go outside, whether they are sanding in one place or walking. As long as they are not doing something else with their hands, walking does not interfere with their spinning, which is what most of them are doing when we meet them on the streets†¦. Although women are the ones who generally practice this occupation as their own, nevertheless, in some places the men consider it to be their own also. After making the thread, it is doubled and twisted; they never weave with single threads. The same women twist it in the same way as they spin it, and some of the men will generally help in this, especially the old men who are not able to do other work. Karen Graubert (2000) argues that the chronicles are bias identifying the work performed by Andean women as proper: when they weave, make chicha (corn beer), cook and undertake other type of agricultural work. When the Andean men produced textiles they were considered as artisans. While both, men and women were producing a garment to be paid as tribute for the state and religion, these activities were identified and constructed as distinct. Graubert observed a more detailed description of the works performed by women in the writings of Pedro Cieza de Leon, when he says: These women are hard workers: because they are the ones who break the ground, and sow the fields, and reap the harvests. And many of their husbands are in the house weaving and spinning and repairing their weapons and clothing, and†¦ doing other female activities. The Spanish had an ethnocentric view of how society, gender relations and religion were supposed to be. They imposed their political models onto Andean societies and destroyed the organization of the Inca society. Women were removed from their former positions of authority, and the society was transformed into a male-centric society where women had to depend on men for formal representation. Under Spanish rule, the Inca noblewomen were not allowed to attend to new schools, only indigenous men were allowed into the educative system set up by friars to educate the native elite. The Inca Queens of the Andes lost her status. Her role as the axis of the female political system was eliminated. The Spanish faith excluded women of all participation in religious practices and women were forbidden to perform former roles of midwife, healer and confessor. Although, despite all the efforts of the Spanish to convert Indians and introduced them to Christianity, Indians found ways to hold onto their beliefs and to continue their ancestral practices. According to Irene Silverblatt (1978): Among the archival material there is a legal suit which documents a cult to â€Å"Woman Moon,† a goddess venerated by women from several neighbouring communities. This feminine cult crossed community boundaries, articulating women from different kin groups in an organization centred around the worship of the moon. The Spanish, influenced by 800 years of war with the Moors, viewed the world under patriarchal eyes and condemned these practices. The transformation of the Inca society took place through Catholic syncretism; Andeans understood the new religion through their religious believes, associating the image of Mary and female saints with the moon and mother earth. Spanish priests did not rest emphasising the importance of virginity and introduced legal codes that defined extramarital sex as criminal (Powers, 2000). The new Spanish system to forced labor, created changes in the role of women but also impacted the demography of the communities all over the Inca Empire. An example of this is found in the work of Bianca Premo; she observed an imbalanced population in the Chucuito census, imbalance that she attributes to a â€Å"combination of deception and real absence† of men: Almost 45 percent of adult women were said to be unmarried†¦ The total number of unmarried adults in the province seems higher than might be expected in communities where land rights were linked to marriage and where marriage amounted adulthood. The way in which the Spanish used, abused and transformed the organisation of the tributary Inca system and its networks and lines of kinship have resulted in impoverishment and isolation of Andean regions. While in the Inca tributary system, the government taxed only men and women who were married, during the Spanish rule the taxes were imposed on men, women and widows. While the Andean male population was being depleted in the mines and through infections and diseases, the Spanish populations grew due to immigration and higher birth rates (Powers, 2000). In 1618, legislation was enacted requiring women to stay in the villages, even if their husbands were absent or had disappeared. As Premo (2000) observed, the labor in mines, especially in the case of Potosi, left the community of Chicuito and other nearby communities without the support of men; single women and widows were paying tribute by weaving textiles, with the aid of young children. Premo cited a local leader reporting: The whole community is working for the benefit of the tribute and it is impossible to pay in silver more than we already are neither women nor the old nor the children can contribute more. In a community called Juli, Jesuits priests were accused to have had women locked up, sewing day and night. Another example of exploitation of the women labor is found in a reference to a letter dated on 1672, where Viceroy Conde de Lemos is quoted: In these already dissipated provinces, the judges from Potosi take these Indians, leaving the land uncultivated and the women and children without anything to eat. In contrast to views that the women were exploited and abused by the Spanish, we also have the accounts of Elinor Burkett; she recompiled information about Andean women working in household as domestics, inheriting from Spanish people, sewing and engaged in small trading; while men were isolated in mining work, construction and agriculture. According to Burkett, the proximity of Andean women to Spanish men, Spanish women and Spanish families put her in a privilege position than the Andean men; she learnt the language, customs and ways of the Spanish. Burkett (1978), examining records of Potosi, finds Indian women selling pastry, candy, silver items, groceries, bread, preparing food and selling other goods and concludes that the Andean women is depicted as a strong, wilful woman, either Indian or mestiza, aggressive economically and socially. Conclusions After a thorough research of the role of the Peruvian women in the sixteen century, I have observed the great challenges that Peruvian women had encountered during that period, from having a religion an identity related to beauty, reproduction and in some cases chosen as priests, they were not only forced into a new belief system but also forbidden to practice their religious rituals. Their Inca queens also lost any trace of royalty and became mistresses. Their man, partner and parallel was taken by the new government and forced to labor. From being an integral part of the kin, women became workers, in many cases they were enslaved, chained, raped and treated like the last rung in the ladder of society. Nevertheless, the Peruvian women, went to the mines looking for their partners, to the point that Spain had to edict legislation to stop them. The Andean women, adjusted to the changes, she wove when she had to weave, but she also looked for other opportunities, migrated, sold cloths, became a trader, worked in Spanish household and also learnt the language. Nowadays, Peruvian indigenous women have just as much a central role within a household as 500 years ago; they are often the primary caregivers of family and kinship and continue to play a vital role in the Peruvian society. How to cite Peruvian Andean Women, Papers

South Africa’s Economic Environment

Questions: 1.Africas most developed, but stuttering economy faces the danger of ratings cuts from agencies worried that Pretoria might not stay on a thrifty fiscal path, after President Jacob Zuma inexplicably shuffled finance ministers twice four days in December? 2.Moving forward, structural reforms are imperative to reduce policy uncertainty, boost confidence, tackle structural impediments, and lower vulnerabilities, the global lender said? 3.Explain what appropriate steps the South Africa government and reserve bank might have taken? 4.Discuss the effect of South Africas challenging economic environment as outlined in the article, on unemployment. Make special reference to the effect of appropriate steps to counter rising government debt and inflation? 5.Discuss the Market structure of the grocery market in South Africa as outlined in the article. Make reference to characteristics of market structures? 6.With reference to the kinked demand curve do you a price war is a good strategic move for the four main food retailers in the current South African grocery market? Discuss the effect of a price war on consumers and smaller rival grocery retailers? 7.A single national grocery retailer operating in a Shopping Centre may be in position to charge higher prices due to the lack of competition. Discuss , with the aid of a fully labeled diagram how the exclusivity clauses in the lease agreements allow for monopoly prices and therefor economic profit for food retailers operating in malls? 8.Explain, using examples, how the four main retailers can use concepts of price elasticity of demand cross elasticity of demand and income elasticity of demand for revenue maximization and demand planning? Answers: South Africas Tough Economic Environment 1. For some time now, the South African economy has been stuttering. Mainly, this was brought about by President Jacob Zumas unprecedented reshuffling of the countrys finance ministers twice in four days in at the end of last year. As a result, the economy faced the danger of rating cuts from organizations that were worried about Pretorias fiscal stability (SA Faces Tough, 2016). In addition to this, one can attribute the economys stuttering to the fact that the government goals, although honorable and justifiable are accompanied with large amounts of wastage, cronyism and policy experimentation. Furthermore, the international community has lost confidence in the Zuma administration. For this reason, there is great fear that the government might instigate unfavorable fiscal policies that may affect the business environment in the country (Mapenzauswa, 2016). Besides, South Africa is a divided nation. Specifically, the ruling party, African National Congress has adopted populist policies in the economy to gain mass support (Tshabalala, 2015). All these factors combined have led to the stuttering of the economy, exposing it to the risk of rating cuts from institutions who are concerned that the economy might dwindle. 2. The Zuma administration set a nine-point plan to initiate structural reforms and promote business and investments in the country. Firstly, the plan sought to resolve the energy challenge in the nation (Pressly, 2015). Secondly, it highlights the need to revitalize and increase the agriculture value chain. This way, the economy can reap gains more from the agricultural sector. Thirdly, the strategy focuses on advancing beneficiation and addition of value to the countrys mineral resources. In turn, these structural reforms in the energy, agricultural, and mining would bring about intense economic growth in the country. The fourth agenda pertains to the governments plan to ensure efficient execution of a higher impact Industrial Action Policy (IPAP). Through this reform, the government can raise the impact of its interventions to support industrial development and re-industrialize the economy (South African Government, 2015). Likewise, the fifth plan aims at encouraging private sector investments in South Africa. To this effect, the Zuma administration set up an investment clearinghouse in the Department of Trade and Industry to support international and local investments and reduce regulatory inefficiencies. Consequently, this would enhance investments and business in the nation. The sixth agenda sought to moderate workplace conflict. On the other hand, the primary goal of the seventh agenda is to unlock the potential of rural enterprises, cooperatives, townships and SMMEs (Pressly, 2015). Subsequently, this is expected to pilot the informal sector and increase business activities in the aggregate economy. Correspondingly, the eighth point focuses on advancing the role of state-owned enterprises, information and communication technology infrastructure and sanitation, water, and transport infrastructure. Lastly, the ninth plan is the Operation Phakisa whose primary goal is to grow the ocean economy (South African Government, 2015). Indeed, the implementation and complete execution of these structural reforms would bring about an increase in investments and business activity in South Africa. 3. In order to counter the rising inflation and government debt, the SA government together with the SA Reserve Bank instigated appropriate steps in the economy. To begin with, the two set the public finances under control despite the adverse political development at the time. In addition, the Zuma administration continued to demonstrate a commitment to translate the nine-point development plan into action, thus ensuring that the economy remained an investment hub (Reuters, 2016). Further, the government made excellent progress on countering rising debts. Particularly, the 2016/2017 budget and the fiscal plan is expected to create stability in the economy and reduce the overall debt metric (Khuzwayo, 2016). Moreover, the Reserve Bank works towards a less severe tightening of monetary policy in the country. In turn, this supports economic growth. 4. Characteristically, South Africas challenging economic environment has had an adverse impact on the level of unemployment in the nation. However, the steps undertaken by the government has reduced the level of unemployment. Precisely, the implementation of these strategies has brought about an increase in opportunities in various sectors of the economy. Specifically, opportunities have been created in the agricultural, marine, manufacturing and transport and communication sector. In turn, this has led to the improvement of the citizens standards of living. In addition, the subsequent drop in government debt will allow the economy to invest locally and create more employment opportunities for its residents. South Africas Grocery Market 5. Profoundly, the grocery market in South Africa is oligopolistic. Mainly, is based on the fact that few large retailers dominate the market. These firms include PicknPay, Woolworths, Spar, and Shoprite. Cumulatively, these four enterprises have a market share of 90 percent (SA Aims, 2016). For this reason, they have a tremendous market power and dominate the industry. In addition, these firms collude to create barriers that prevent the entry of rival firms. Currently, these firms have signed leasing agreements that restrict malls from renting out space to rival retailers. In turn, this has made it difficult for other retailers to join the grocery industry in the country. Moreover, their large market share allows them to influence market prices. Thus, they can charge higher prices without necessarily losing their market share. Besides, the lack of direct competition has increased their power to raise prices beyond the rate that would prevail in a competitive market. 6. With reference to the kinked demand curve, a price war is not a good strategic move for the four large retailers in the South African grocery market. According to this model, sellers follow a price cut policy and ignore a price rise strategy by the rival company. Thus, by engaging in a price war, firms will continuously reduce their prices in response to a competitors price decrease strategy. The more aggressive the price war is, the more the companies will offer price discounts. Notably, the introduction of price cuts will significantly reduce revenues and profits. In the long run, this may result in losses for the retailers. In extreme cases, losses may result in the closing down of a companys operations. For this reason, it is irrational for oligopolies to engage in price wars. Instead, it is advisable that they engage in non-price wars such as warranties, gifts, and advertising. 7. A single national grocery retailer operating in a shopping center may be in a position to charge higher prices due to lack of competition. Particularly, this occurs because the company dominates the market. Specifically, the retailer possesses a great market power that allows it to influence the prices of its goods and services. At this point, the firm operates as a monopoly due to lack of competition which is facilitated by the exclusivity clauses in lease arrangements. Consequently, this results in higher economic profits for the food retailers operating in malls while reducing the economic welfare of its customers. Source: (Khan, n.d.). 8. Notably, the four retailers can adopt the concept of cross elasticity of demand price elasticity of demand, and income elasticity of demand to plan for demand and achieve maximum revenues. Usually, different products have different types of price elasticity of demand. Therefore, for those products that have a high PED, the retailer should refrain from increasing their prices as it would significantly reduce their demand and decrease sales. In contrast, the retailer may increase the prices of products with low PED such as milk and kales. Normally, a significant increase in the price of these products leads to only a slight drop in its demand. Therefore, the store may reap more profits from increasing their prices. In the same way, the four retailers may implement the concept of cross elasticity of demand to improve their sales. Basically, the model elucidates the sensitivity of demand for one commodity following a variation in the price of another product (Moffatt, 2017). Thus, using this concept, firms can influence the pricing of goods depending on whether they are supplementary or complementary. Generally, retailers should refrain from increasing the price of commodities that have substitutes since it will lead to a reduction in their demand (Khan, n.d.). For example, if it increases the prices of fresh tomatoes, consumers may shift to tomato paste. On the other hand, it may increase the price of products that do not have substitutes such as onions, without reducing their demand, thereby safeguarding their sales and revenue. Furthermore, these retailers may use the theory of income elasticity of demand (YED) to improve its sales. Basically, YED pertains to the sensitivity of demand for a product to variation in the income of customers. Thus, they should increase the price of normal goods when the income of the consumer increases. This way, an increase in the buyers income will lead to a higher demand for these products. However, for inferior goods, an rise in the consumers earnings will result in a decline in their demand. For example, they should increase the price of fish and beef following an increase in buyers income since their demand rises with increases in consumers income. This way, they can enhance their revenue and profits. References Khan, S. Cross elasticity of demand. Khan Academy. Retrieved from https://www.khanacademy.org/economics-finance-domain/microeconomics/elasticity-tutorial/price-elasticity-tutorial/v/cross-elasticity-of-demand. Khan, S. Monopolist optimizing price: Dead weight loss. Khan Academy. Retrieved from https://www.khanacademy.org/economics-finance-domain/microeconomics/perfect-competition-topic/monopolies-tutorial/v/monopolist-optimizing-price-part-3-dead-weight-loss-avi. Khuzwayo, W. (2016). IMF and Moodys see SA recovery. Business Report. Retrieved from https://www.iol.co.za/business-report/markets/imf-and-moodys-see-sa-recovery-2019014. Mapenzauswa, S. (2016). South Africa Faces Tough Economic Environment. The Africa Report. Retrieved from https://www.theafricareport.com/Southern-Africa/south-africa-faces-tough-economic-environment.html. Moffatt, M. (2017). Cross-Price Elasticity of Demand. ThoughtCo.com. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/cross-price-elasticity-of-demand-overview-1146251. Nine-Point Plan. (2015). South African Government. Retrieved from https://www.gov.za/issues/nine-point-plan. Pressly, D. (2015). Zuma's 9-point plan to boost economy. Fin 24. Retrieved from https://www.fin24.com/Economy/Zumas-9-point-plan-to-boost-economy-20150212. Reuters. (2015). South Africa faces tough economic environment: IMF. CNBC Africa. Retrieved from https://www.cnbcafrica.com/news/southern-africa/2016/05/06/south-africa-faces-tough-economic-environment/. SA aims to finish inquiry into grocery market in 2017. (2016). Fin 24. Retrieved from https://www.fin24.com/Companies/Retail/sa-aims-to-finish-inquiry-into-grocery-market-in-2017-20160517. SA faces tough economic environment - IMF. (2016). Fin 24. Retrieved from https://www.fin24.com/Economy/sa-faces-tough-economic-environment-imf-20160506. Tshabalala, S. (2015). South Africas economy is in troublethese five sectors could help stabilize it. Quartz Africa. Retrieved from https://qz.com/492352/south-africas-economy-is-facing-headwinds-but-these-five-sectors-could-help-stabilze-it/.